Course Introduction
Dynamic Earth Systems
Exam Practice Tests
Dynamic Earth Systems explores the complex and interconnected processes that shape our planet, including the movement of tectonic plates, the rock cycle, and the interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. Students will examine how internal and external forces drive changes in Earths structure and surface over time, influencing landscapes, ecosystems, and climate. The course emphasizes scientific methods used to study Earths dynamics and encourages critical thinking about natural hazards, resource management, and the impact of human activities on global systems.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary evidence that our Sun is a third-,fourth-,or fifth-generation star comes from the fact that our ________.
A)Solar System contains too many heavy atoms to be first generation
B)Solar System is too large to be first generation
C)Sun is too hot to be a first-generation star
D)Sun is too large to be a first-generation star
Answer: A
Q2) According to the Big Bang theory,our Universe is ________.
A)expanding
B)contracting
C)static
D)periodically contracting and expandingddd
Answer: A
Q3) Humans first realized that the Earth was spherical ________.
A)as a result of the voyages of Christopher Columbus
B)when Magellan's crew was able to sail completely around the world
C)during the Renaissance
D)during the time of Aristotle in ancient Greece
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Q1) As compared to the rocks that make up the crust,Earth as a whole is ________.
A)considerably more dense
B)considerably less dense
C)slightly less dense
D)about the same density
Answer: A
Q2) In general,seismic (earthquake-generated)waves travel ________ in the mantle compared to the shallow crust.
A)faster
B)slower
C)at the same velocity
D)Seismic waves do not travel through the mantle.
Answer: A
Q3) The lithosphere lies directly above the ________.
A)transition zone
B)crust
C)asthenosphere
D)lower mantle
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Q1) Currently,most geologists ________.
A)continue to reject continental drift
B)agree that continental drift occurs,but they still do not understand why it occurs
C)agree that continental drift occurs due to mechanisms at work in the ocean basins and upper mantle
D)agree that continental drift occurs due to mechanisms at work in the lower mantle and outer core
Answer: C
Q2) Earth's magnetic reversals are likely due to ________.
A)meteorite impacts
B)lightning strikes
C)tectonic plates shifting
D)changes in circulation patterns in the inner core
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) The rate of motion of a lithospheric plate with respect to a stationary location inside the Earth is termed ________,while the motion of a plate with respect to another is termed ________.
A)absolute plate velocity;relative plate velocity
B)relative plate velocity;absolute plate velocity
C)Both are measures of absolute velocity.
D)Both are measures of relative velocity.
Q2) The youngest sea floor is typically found ________.
A)along passive margins
B)along active margins
C)along mid-ocean ridges
D)randomly within abyssal plains
Q3) Slab pull occurs because subducting slabs are ________.
A)less mafic,and therefore less dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
B)cooler,and therefore more dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
C)hotter,and therefore more dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
D)cooler,and therefore less dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
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6
Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Q1) The single property that can be used to identify any mineral is ________.
A)color
B)luster
C)cleavage
D)Multiple properties must be used to identify a mineral.
Q2) Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess ________.
A)invulnerability
B)fracture
C)solidity
D)massiveness
Q3) Which of the following common minerals is softest?
A)quartz
B)calcite
C)talc
D)fluorite
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?
A)All minerals are compounds of more than one element.
B)All minerals are naturally made.
C)Some minerals are precipitated by organisms.
D)All minerals can be expressed as chemical formulas.
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) Mt.Kilimanjaro is an active volcano in Tanzania in eastern Africa that has formed as a result of ________.
A)converging plates
B)subducting plates
C)rifting
D)oceanic hot spots
Q2) Important volatiles in magmas include ________.
A)mafic minerals,such as olivine
B)potassium and aluminum
C)water and carbon dioxide
D)silicon and iron
Q3) All other factors being equal (i.e.,depth,volume,temperature,etc.),which type of igneous intrusion would cool fastest?
A)pluton
B)dike
C)batholith
D)All intrusions cool at the same rate.
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Q1) Siltstone or mudstone containing marine fossils likely formed in a ________ environment.
A)shallow-marine
B)deep-marine
C)marine-delta
D)coastal-beach
Q2) When limestone becomes chemically altered so that half of the calcium atoms are replaced by magnesium,the resultant rock is termed ________.
A)agate
B)dolostone
C)jasper
D)travertine
Q3) Precipitation of gypsum due to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock?
A)biochemical
B)chemical
C)clastic
D)organic
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Q1) Two common metamorphic rocks that typically lack foliation are ________ and
A)slate;phyllite
B)gneiss;migmatite
C)quartzite;marble
D)schist;metaconglomerate
Q2) ________ metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock and produces the greatest variety in metamorphic rock types.
A)Thermal
B)Dynamothermal
C)Dynamic
D)Shock
Q3) Preexisting rock that is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a
A)xenolith
B)source rock
C)protolith
D)phenocryst
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10
Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) Phreatic eruptions take place when ________.
A)volatiles effervesce prior to lava flow
B)groundwater interacts with magma
C)basaltic lava clogs the eruptive vent
D)lava or pyroclastic debris erupts by bursting through the sides of the volcano
Q2) Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes,________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava.
A)stratovolcanoes
B)cinder cones
C)shield volcanoes
D)fissure volcanoes
Q3) The Columbia River Plateau is an example of a ________.
A)caldera
B)fissure
C)flood basalt
D)hot spot
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11
Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Q1) Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior ________.
A)have saved millions of lives in the past decade alone
B)have been largely unreliable
C)are primarily based on the behavior patterns of farm animals
D)are correct approximately 50% of the time
Q2) The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called the ________.
A)dip line
B)plunge
C)fault trace
D)seismic interface
Q3) Which type of fault does NOT,by definition,have a fault trace?
A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)blind fault
D)All faults have recognizable traces.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) How is stress different from force?
A)Force is the stress applied per unit area.
B)Stress is the force applied per unit area.
C)Force comes from one direction,while stress comes from all directions.
D)They are not different: stress and force are synonymous.
Q2) A polished surface produced by scraping of rock along a fault is termed a(n)________.
A)orogeny
B)phylogeny
C)aureole
D)slickenside
Q3) Which of these features would NOT help a geologist recognize a fault?
A)different rock units juxtaposed against each other
B)a small step on the landscape
C)a shattered rock consisting of visible angular fragments
D)regularly spaced quartz veins
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13
Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Q1) Within the world's sedimentary rocks,fossils ________.
A)are rarely,if ever,found
B)are randomly distributed
C)occur in an ordered sequence
D)are found only in igneous rocks
Q2) James Hutton,the "father of geology," put forth the principle of ________.
A)superposition
B)original continuity
C)original horizontality
D)uniformitarianism
Q3) In an unweathered sample of igneous rock,the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1:15.If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled below closure temperature,and the half-life of the isotope is 50 million years,how old is the rock?
A)200 million years
B)400 million years
C)750 million years
D)1 billion years
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14
Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Q1) Geographically,a shield and surrounding platform together are ________.
A)a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks crop out
B)a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks are covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary strata
C)a region of compressed rock located behind a volcanic arc at a convergent continental margin
D)synonymous with "craton"
Q2) Which closely related genus has a more ancient fossil record than Homo?
A)Australopithecus
B)Gorilla
C)Tyrannosaurus
D)Thylacosmilus
Q3) Archean greenstones are formed from ________.
A)basalts produced at hot spots
B)sand and clay eroded from volcanic areas
C)the precipitation of silica in the deep sea
D)metamorphosed relicts of ocean crust
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15
Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Q1) Which of the following lists contains only fossil fuels?
A)coal,oil,natural gas
B)coal,geothermal,wind
C)coal,wood,natural gas
D)hydroelectric,geothermal,wind
Q2) Most of the hydrocarbons within oil and natural gas are derived from the breakdown of organic matter from once-living ________.
A)dinosaurs
B)plankton
C)terrestrial plants
D)mammals
Q3) A resource is considered renewable if ________.
A)it is used at rates greater than it is naturally replaced
B)nature can replace it within a short time span relative to human life
C)nature can replace it within hundreds or thousands of years
D)nature can replace it within a million years
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Q1) Which of the following nonmetallic resources has an igneous origin?
A)salt
B)granite
C)limestone
D)gypsum
Q2) The most important ores of iron are iron ________.
A)sulfides
B)oxides
C)carbonates
D)phosphates
Q3) Mississippi Valley-type deposits are secondary enrichments primarily of ________ and ________.
A)gold;silver
B)tin;aluminum
C)copper;bronze
D)lead;zinc
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17
Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Q1) Well-rounded sand has a smaller ________ than irregularly shaped gravel.
A)cohesion
B)angle of repose
C)mineral stability
D)cross-sectional area
Q2) Which of the following situations may lead to slope failure?
A)the addition of a small amount of water to a slope
B)installing a chain-link fence over a slope
C)undercutting a slope by a bulldozer
D)regrading a steep slope to create a gentler slope
Q3) A rock slide into a reservoir triggered catastrophic flooding of the landscape below which dam?
A)Vaiont (Italy)
B)Aswan (Egypt)
C)Hoover (Nevada)
D)Glen Canyon (Arizona)
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Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Q1) The discharge of a river traveling through a temperate region will typically ________ downstream;the discharge of a river traveling through an arid region will typically ________ downstream.
A)increase;increase
B)decrease;decrease
C)increase;decrease
D)decrease;increase
Q2) In a region with prominent orthogonal sets of joints,a ________ drainage network is expected.
A)dendritic
B)radial
C)rectangular
D)trellis
Q3) What physical property of the underlying rock would lead to the formation of a cliff over which a waterfall may form?
A)a high resistance to erosion
B)high porosity
C)large permeability
D)very fine grain sizes
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) Compared with the continental crust,the oceanic crust is ________.
A)denser
B)less dense
C)about the same density
D)about half as dense
Q2) If sea level continues to rise and covers the city of Miami,the Florida coast will become a(n)________.
A)emergent coast
B)submergent coast
C)continental slope
D)abyssal plain
Q3) When the sea level rises,an ocean may invade a river valley,producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)________.
A)atoll
B)lagoon
C)estuary
D)jetty
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) Rock or sediment between the water table and the land surface represents a(n)________.
A)aquitard
B)confined aquifer
C)unconfined aquifer
D)unsaturated zone
Q2) As a rule,groundwater always flows from areas of ________.
A)greater elevation to those of lesser elevation
B)greater water pressure to those of lesser water pressure
C)greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head
D)lower hydraulic head to those of greater hydraulic head
Q3) A(n)________ aquifer is more likely to be contaminated than a(n)________ aquifer.
A)confined;unconfined
B)unconfined;confined
C)artesian;surficial
D)sandstone;limestone
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21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) In global convective circulation,air sinks at the ________ and the ________.
A)equator;poles
B)equator;polar fronts
C)horse latitudes;poles
D)horse latitudes;polar fronts
Q2) Prevailing surface winds are named for the ________.
A)latitudinal belt in which they form
B)direction from which they blow
C)direction to which they blow
D)level of the atmosphere in which they form
Q3) Which two gases are most abundant within Earth's modern atmosphere?
A)nitrogen and oxygen
B)hydrogen and helium
C)carbon dioxide and methane
D)water vapor and sulfur dioxide
Q4) The long-term buildup of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is a result of ________.
A)volcanic outgassing
B)photosynthesis
C)limestone formation in the ocean
D)solar radiation splitting molecules of ozone in the stratosphere
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) The definition of a desert depends on a region's ________.
A)latitude
B)elevation
C)aridity
D)temperature
Q2) How do chimneys (also called hoodoos)and yardangs differ?
A)Yardangs are formed by the erosion of water,whereas chimneys are formed by evaporation.
B)Chimneys are formed by evaporation,whereas yardangs are formed by the erosion of water.
C)Chimneys are fossilized trunks of saguaro and other large cactus,whereas yardangs are not.
D)Chimneys are remnants of physical erosion,whereas yardangs are remnants of wind erosion.
Q3) Talus aprons represent accumulations of ________.
A)angular debris at the base of a hill
B)lag deposits
C)coarse sediment in a deflation basin
D)loess at the edge of a desert
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) You are hiking in Illinois and notice several ringlike hills composed of till.You climb to the top of one,look toward the south,and see several more hills in the distance.In which direction did the glacier advance?
A)north
B)south
C)east
D)west
Q2) An important long-term factor that determines whether glacial ice will form on a continent has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere?
A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)carbon dioxide
D)carbon monoxide
Q3) When the sea level rises,causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley,a ________ results.
A)smorgasbord
B)tarn
C)fjord
D)ford
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) The greenhouse effect is caused by ________.
A)the oceans,which absorb heat from the sun
B)anthropogenic gases,which absorb heat from the sun
C)atmospheric gases,which trap heat radiated from Earth's surface
D)solar energy reflected back into space by clouds
Q2) Which modern sea do geologists believe might have filled very rapidly with ocean water when rising sea levels overtopped a small land bridge or a natural dam?
A)the Black Sea
B)the Red Sea
C)the Dead Sea
D)the Caspian Sea
Q3) Which greenhouse gases play the most significant role in influencing changes in global atmospheric temperature?
A)carbon dioxide and ozone
B)nitrogen dioxide and ozone
C)nitrogen dioxide and methane
D)carbon dioxide and methane
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) Granite is a type of rock that forms deep underground from magma that cools very slowly.What type of rock is granite?
A)clastic
B)igneous
C)sedimentary
D)metamorphic
Q2) Why do geologists use thin sections of rocks?
A)to determine if the rock is molten
B)to identify foreign substances
C)to identify the minerals
D)to determine the arrangement of atoms
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be considered a rock?
A)a natural material composed of interlocking crystals
B)a natural pile of unconsolidated sand
C)a natural material made of frothy glass
D)a natural material made of shells cemented together
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26
Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) What type of weathering are you likely to find occurring in areas with cold climates?
A)hydrolysis
B)frost wedging
C)salt wedging
D)dissolution
Q2) Which soil horizon contains the most organic material?
A)A
B)O
C)B
D)E
Q3) Which of the following does NOT affect soil thickness?
A)time
B)types of animals
C)climate
D)vegetation type
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) Identify the correct steps to transform an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock and then into an igneous rock.
A)melted and cooled exposed,eroded,and deposited buried deeply
B)melted and cooled buried deeply melted and cooled
C)eroded and deposited buried deeply melted and cooled
D)eroded and deposited melted and cooled buried deeply
Q2) What must occur in order to create an igneous rock?
A)melting
B)erosion
C)deep burial
D)cementation
Q3) If a rock is buried,then exposed and eroded,and the sediment is then lithified,after which the rock is melted and cooled,what type of rock is the end result?
A)igneous
B)sedimentary
C)metamorphic
D)clastic
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28
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Q1) Why would the gravity anomaly over a deep-ocean trench be negative?
A)because the bathymetry of the trench dips very far below sea level
B)because the crust being pulled into the trench is less dense than sediments above
C)because water fills the space above the subducting slab and is much less dense than rock
D)because the buoyant magma created at the subduction zones is less dense than the rock
Q2) The core consists of two layers: the ________ inner core and ________ outer core.
A)iron;nickel
B)nickel;iron
C)solid;liquid
D)liquid;solid
Q3) If an S-wave is traveling through rock when it encounters a magma chamber,the S-wave will ________.
A)slow down
B)speed up
C)remain at the same speed
D)not travel through the magma
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) At least five of these have occurred in Earth's history,one of which occurred 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs.
A)mass extinction event
B)punctuated equilibrium
C)millennia-long drought
D)phylogenetic tree
Q2) Fossils are found in ________ rocks.
A)metamorphic
B)foliated
C)sedimentary
D)intrusive
Q3) What type of fossil forms when a buried organism decays or is dissolved,but the original shape is preserved in the sediment?
A)body fossil
B)trace fossil
C)mold fossil
D)cast fossil
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Q1) What would an area experiencing erosion look like compared to one experiencing deposition?
A)deep valleys or canyons versus large flat,open areas
B)large sand dunes versus large open bodies of water
C)rolling hills versus steep peaks
D)large,dry flatlands versus deep river channels
Q2) Which progression best describes how water goes from the ocean to a river?
A)evaporation à precipitation à infiltration into the ground
B)evaporation à precipitation à runoff
C)evaporation à precipitation à evapotranspiration
D)evapotranspiration à runoff à precipitation
Q3) Water can remain in the ground as groundwater for up to 10,000 years.This is called the ________.
A)aquifer storage
B)groundwater flow rate
C)residence time
D)transfer time
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