Deviance and Social Control
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the concept of deviance in society, examining how behaviors, individuals, and groups are labeled as 'deviant' and the social processes that influence these distinctions. Students will analyze various theoretical perspectives on deviance, including functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist approaches, and investigate how power, inequality, and social norms shape definitions of acceptable conduct. The course also covers mechanisms of social control both formal (laws, policing, judicial systems) and informal (socialization, peer pressure) and considers the impacts of stigma and social responses to deviant behavior. Case studies and contemporary issues such as crime, substance use, mental health, and resistance movements are used to illustrate these concepts in real-world contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Deviant Behavior 12th Edition by Alex Thio
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Chapter 1: What Is Deviant Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A prosecution attorney trying to prove malice aforethought is approaching deviant behavior from a __________ perspective.
Answer: Constructionist
Q2) The positivist perspective on deviance implies that if the deviant is treated as an object,he or she can be studied objectively.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Sociologists who are influenced by the positivist perspective of absolutism tend to view deviant behavior as
A)an attribute that is dictated by those in power
B)an attribute that fades over time
C)an attribute that varies according to one's culture
D)an attribute that inheres in the individual
Answer: D
Q4) Positivist sociologists today realize that they are not free from personal bias.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Positivist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Messner and Rosenfeld,lack of opportunity is the primary and overwhelming factor that contributes to people resorting to illegal means of achieving success.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Albert Cohen's theory is similar to Merton's approach,but Cohen replaced the word "success" with the word "__________."
A)wealth
B)innovation
C)anomie
D)status
Answer: D
Q3) If persons lower their aspirations or abandon high success goals but continue to work hard,they are involved in what Merton called __________.
Answer: ritualism
Q4) According to control theory,the absence of __________ causes deviance.
Answer: social controls
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Chapter 3: Constructionist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) This theoretical perspective attributes deviance to the unequal distribution of resources brought about by the exploitative capitalist system.
A)postmodernist theory
B)legal reality theory
C)social reality theory
D)Marxist theory
Answer: D
Q2) What Marxists call "marginal surplus population" refers to A)employed workers.
B)those who are relatively superfluous or useless to the economy.
C)families with more than two children.
D)the capitalist elite,who need not work.
Answer: B
Q3) One negative criticism of labeling theory is that it
A)is not a sociological theory.
B)does not actually explain the causes of deviance.
C)is too deterministic a theory.
D)emphasizes the causes of deviance too much.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a type of hate killer?
A)thrill hate killers
B)defensive hate killers
C)mission hate killers
D)racist hate killers
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why the South is the region with the nation's highest murder rate?
A)the "subculture of violence" in the South
B)the prevalence of rurality,forcing family members and friends to spend too much time with each other
C)the prevalence of population heterogeneity,which leads to a lack of community
D)the reduction of community integration through population dispersion
Q3) Poor people are more likely to use firearms than other weapons when they kill because guns
A)are very inexpensive to purchase.
B)provide barriers between individuals in poor neighborhoods.
C)give a sense of power to the poor.
D)are less risky to use than knives or rope.
Q4) Compare and contrast the homicide rates of the U.S.and that of other countries.
Q5) Most serial killers appear very __________.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Sexual Assault and Child Molestation
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Q1) All of the following are factors that lead to more rape-prone campuses,except for A)mandatory membership in fraternities.
B)a tradition of heavy drinking.
C)not seriously dealing with sexual assault.
D)rampant homophobia.
Q2) The "feeling of being raped again" refers to the woman victim's A)recollection of the rape.
B)encounter with her assailant.
C)feelings if her rapist is released from custody.
D)encounter with the police.
Q3) What are some consequences of rape for victims and for society? Why does this kind of assault have such a deep impact on victims? How is the overall society hurt by the widespread occurrence of sexual assaults?
Q4) Studies reported in the text have suggested that the relative sexual frustration of males is much higher in sexually restrictive environments.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Most child molesters are __________ with their victims.
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Chapter 6: Family Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critics of mandatory reporting laws for elder abuse say
A)these laws demean elders by treating them like children.
B)these laws are not worded strongly enough
C)these laws should not be enacted at a national level.
D)these laws make it easy for family members to get away with abusing elders.
Q2) The real extent of family violence may be much higher than the reported figures because
A)people are generally reluctant to reveal their family problems to researchers.
B)the number of people experiencing abuse runs into the millions,despite the small percentages.
C)other types of violence,such as financial exploitation,slapping,and verbal abuse,widely occur.
D)All of the above are true.
Q3) All of the following are ways U.S.society has attempted to protect women from marital rape and abuse,EXCEPT for
A)the passage of new laws.
B)establishing counseling programs for abusers.
C)severely punishing men who sexually or physically abuse their wives.
D)the creation of a network of women's shelters and safe houses.
Q4) Women who are economically __________ tend to stay with their abusive partners.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Suicide and Self-Harm
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some countries with developing economies like China have high suicide rates because they
A)have widespread poverty.
B)practice forms of ritual suicide.
C)experience rapid social change.
D)have few formal religious institutions.
Q2) According to Henry and Short's theory,all of the following are factors that promote suicide,EXCEPT for the A)sociological.
B)psychological.
C)economic.
D)cultural.
Q3) If a person kills him- or herself as punishment after murdering another,it is called __________ suicide.
A)revenge
B)surrealistic
C)apologetic
D)atonement
Q4) Among relationship statuses,those who are ________ are most immune to suicide.
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Chapter 8: Mental Disorder
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is more serious than neurosis and personality,or character,disorder.
Q2) Social stress can cause mental illness if a person's coping resources are inadequate. A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the __________ perspective,mental disorder is not a sickness but a category imposed on some disturbing behavior.
Q4) Discuss the relationship between race,gender,or class,and rates of mental disorder.Why do some people in the category you chose experience higher or lower rates?
Q5) At various times in the past,the mentally ill have been seen as gifted,possessing an evil spirit,and dangerous.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Television and schooling have led to a dramatic reduction in the public's negative attitude toward the mentally ill.
A)True
B)False
Q7) There are three types of depression: mild,major,and ________
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Heterosexual Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Working-class men are the biggest patrons of topless bars.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Roberta Perkins's study of prostitutes in Australia discovered all of the following about most prostitutes,EXCEPT that they
A)resemble conventional women in desiring marriage and traditional family life.
B)have the same level of education as the general population.
C)have family and social relations that do not differ from those of average women.
D)have been sexually assaulted as children.
Q3) All of the following are popular myths about prostitution,EXCEPT that
A)women become prostitutes because they are nymphomaniacs.
B)all prostitutes are sexually frigid.
C)it is not the oldest profession in the world.
D)most prostitutes are involved with drugs.
Q4) Teenage sex is still considered deviant and unacceptable in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Those who exchange partners for sex are generally known as __________.
Q6) Around the world,more governments have been __________ prostitution.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Gays and Other Targets of Stigma
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Sample Questions
Q1) Since 1973,the American Psychiatric Association has referred to the problems that some homosexuals have with their sexual orientation as
A)variant sexual orientation.
B)special sexual preference.
C)sexual orientation disturbance.
D)abnormal sexual preference.
Q2) Which of the following norms is used to define homosexuality as deviant?
A)the norm of sexual exclusiveness
B)the norm that couples should nurture children together
C)the norm that married couples should produce children
D)the norm that love should precede sex
Q3) The first stage of acquiring a gay identity is "coming out," which is when a young homosexual becomes involved in the homosexual subculture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast the biological and sociological theories of homosexuality.What does each theory say,and how do the explanations differ?
Q5) __________ is seen as something bad and discrediting by others.
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Chapter 11: Internet Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are features of cyberstalking,EXCEPT that cyberstalkers
A)can harass people anywhere in the world.
B)can cause people serious emotional and physical harms through the spread of rumors online.
C)usually cyberstalk persons they know.
D)usually make themselves known to the persons they are tormenting.
Q2) The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3)is a sector belonging to which of the following institutions?
A)the National Institute of Justice
B)the United States National Guard
C)the CIA
D)the FBI
Q3) The most common type of cyberdeviance is ________.
A)terrorism
B)pornography
C)viruses
D)child pornography and exploitation
Q4) _____________ is using the Internet or e-mails to repeatedly harass or threaten another person.
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Chapter 12: Drug Use
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heroin is the most widely used drug among the rich.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The phrase "lighting a fire in the brain" has been used to describe the effect of a(n)__________ overdose.
A)heroin
B)LSD
C)cocaine
D)marijuana
Q3) The reason cocaine is psychologically addictive is due to the A)physical addiction of the drug.
B)high status coming from the use of cocaine.
C)high quality of pleasure the user gains from it.
D)moral weakness of the user.
Q4) Two legal drugs,alcohol and tobacco,annually kill at least __________ times as many Americans as do all illegal drugs combined.
A)2
B)5
C)30
D)60
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Drinking and Alcoholism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately __________ percent of Americans are alcoholics.
A)1
B)7
C)19
D)25
Q2) How do some people become alcoholics? What are the stages through which a drinker progresses,and which one is the most crucial?
Q3) According to the sociologist Robert Bales,several factors work together to produce high rates of alcoholism.Which of the following is one of those factors?
A)psychological vulnerability to alcoholism
B)a culturally induced attitude toward drinking as a way of relieving inner tensions
C)providing suitable substitute means other than drinking for resolving inner tensions
D)a culturally induced attitude toward drinking as a way of celebrating happy occasions
Q4) Evaluate some of the strategies used to control alcohol abuse.What are the approaches,and how have they worked?
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Chapter 14: Privileged Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The majority of people who commit white collar crimes are prosecuted.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Joe is the president of a large but struggling corporation.In order to ensure profits,he secretly contacts several of his competitors and gets them all to agree to charge the same prices for their products.This practice is an example of A)a fraud.
B)an antitrust violation.
C)phony assets
D)deceptive but not illegal practice.
Q3) If a broker buys or sells stocks based on confidential information,it is called A)fraud.
B)insider trading.
C)a violation of the security law.
D)churning.
Q4) Excessive,sky-high compensation tends to reduce instances of illegal business practices.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Underprivileged Deviance
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Q1) In Conklin's view,the robbers of today
A)are very much like the robbers of the 1930s.
B)tend to commit robbery more as a crime of passion.
C)are likely to commit robbery out of a sense of relative deprivation.
D)find the risks of crime much greater than before.
Q2) The primary motivation for burglary is
A)subsistence needs.
B)the thrill of entering a home.
C)expressive needs.
D)to demonstrate technical skills.
Q3) All of the following are reasons a weapon can help robbers accomplish their goal efficiently,EXCEPT
A)enhancing the robbers' sense of manhood.
B)creating a buffer zone between the offender and the victim.
C)intimidating the victim.
D)helping ensure an escape.
Q4) Actual violence is more likely to occur in armed robbery than in unarmed robbery.
A)True
B)False
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