Deviance and Social Control
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course examines the sociological concepts of deviance and social control, exploring how societies define, categorize, and respond to behaviors that fall outside of accepted norms. Students will analyze theories explaining why individuals engage in deviant acts, the roles of power and inequality in shaping definitions of deviance, and the various mechanisms formal and informal used to enforce conformity and maintain social order. Topics include the criminal justice system, mental health stigma, subcultures, moral panics, and resistance to social control, encouraging critical reflection on how laws, rules, and social expectations influence everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Q1) The statement "criminal behaviour is generally defined by criminal laws,but not all deviant behaviour falls under criminal laws," is consistent with which of the following criminological perspectives?
A)legalistic perspective
B)human rights violations as crime
C)Hagen's continuum of crime and deviance
D)consensus theory
Answer: C
Q2) In Canada,provinces and territories can pass and amend criminal laws.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What does the term criminology refer to?
A)the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon
B)the breaking of laws and the reaction to the breaking of laws
C)the study of the effects of culture on crime and criminals
D)the established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Q1) Why was group expulsion only rarely used as a form of punishment in small-scale societies?
A)The expelled individual often joined a competing group.
B)The expelled individual often sought revenge against the group.
C)It meant certain death for the individual,weakening the group.
D)It often meant that the expelled individual formed his or her own rival group.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is the major goal of dispute settlement processes in small-scale societies?
A)to provide restitution to the victimized parties
B)to identify and punish perpetrators
C)to provide satisfaction to the offended party or parties
D)to restore harmony between parties in conflict
Answer: D
Q3) Criminal laws have not been part of the social fabric for most of human history.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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Q1) Necessity as a defence to a criminal charge occurs when the accused person commits the lesser evil of a crime in order to avoid the occurrence of a greater evil.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Automatism is a form of subjective mens rea.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A person suffering from a mental disorder who is capable of understanding what he or she did but who succumbed to an irresistible impulse would be found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The two main sources of criminal law are legislation and judicial decisions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT representative of how police policies and priorities can influence the official crime rate?
A)Police officers have great discretion regarding what crimes are serious enough to attend to,record,and pursue.
B)Police are more apt to lay charges for domestic violence compared to 40 years ago.
C)Policing policies and priorities have remained the same for the last 40 years.
D)Police are more frequently called to schools to deal with student violence today,compared to 40 years ago.
Q2) A person steals money from a victim,assaults the victim,locks the victim in a car trunk and drives him to a remote field,and finally kills the victim,all during the same incident.Which of these crimes actually is counted in the UCR system?
A)the theft
B)the assault
C)the kidnapping
D)the homicide
Q3) Identify some of the key concerns and limitations associated with the use of Uniform Crime Reports.
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Q1) Which of the following best represents the concept of "collective efficacy"?
A)Criminals are more effective when working together.
B)Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of social cohesion among neighbourhood residents.
C)Police are involved in socially sorting who belongs to the neighbourhood collective and who does not.
D)Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of racial integration,rather than segregation.
Q2) In general,crime rates in Canada tend to adhere to which of the following patterns?
A)Crime rates increase as one travels from east to west.
B)Crime rates increase as one travels from west to east.
C)Crime is highest on the east and west coasts.
D)Crime rates are highest in central Canada.
Q3) Structural explanations for Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system centre on the social and economic oppression of Aboriginals by the dominant white society.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Q1) Discuss what is meant by the gender-ratio problem and describe the research that sought to explain this problem.
Q2) Describe the liberal approach to understanding the causes behind female criminality? What are the basic assumptions underlying this school of thought? Provide at least two examples of theories provided in your textbook that could be considered part of this liberal approach.
Q3) According to role theory,in the egalitarian family,girls are more at risk of being delinquent because both control efforts are more egalitarian so daughters are less controlled.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following describes "A system of male domination that includes both a structure and an ideology that privileges men over women"?
A)matriarchy
B)patriarchy
C)egalitarianism
D)concurrence
Q5) Describe the role of the law in condoning violence against women.
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Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Q1) In 1967,Alberta became the first province to provide compensation for victims of crime in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a principal reason victims of crime do not access services available to victims?
A)There are usually no victim service units in their jurisdiction.
B)Police are unlikely to inform victims of relevant services.
C)There is a cost to the victim to access such services.
D)Most victims believe such services will not help them in any way.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a means through which a victim of a crime can seek restitution in Canada?
A)an order of restitution made in a criminal court
B)a civil suit brought against the perpetrator of the crime
C)the wages of a criminal offender are garnished
D)a restorative justice (victim-offender mediation)process
Q4) Describe the key steps a victim must undertake to obtain restitution from an offender.Suggest some difficulties in getting this accomplished in Canada.
Q5) Explain what a victim fine surcharge is and how it works.
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Q1) Describe the Classical School's view on the nature of people and of society as well as the relation between the two.What were the implications of these ideas for the justice system at the time?
Q2) Which of the following features of the treatment of offenders in the modern criminal justice system were influenced by Lombroso and the positive school of criminology?
A)torture
B)psychiatric treatment
C)indeterminate sentences
D)banishment to one of the distant colonies
Q3) Which of the following statements characterizes the work of the Statistical school of crime?
A)They employed geographical analyses,using maps,to determine the relationship between certain factors and crime.
B)They felt that crime was the result of common individual motivations.
C)They noted the chaotic distribution of criminal behaviour over time and across areas.
D)They argued that criminals were the product of genetic defects
Q4) Explain how elites used religious ideas to combat challenges to their power.
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Q1) According to Jennings and colleagues,which statement best expresses the relationship between moral development and delinquency?
A)Advanced levels of moral development cause delinquency.
B)Advanced levels of moral development insulate against delinquency.
C)Low levels of moral development are not associated with delinquency.
D)Low levels of moral development insulate against delinquency.
Q2) Which of the following factors is a principal focus of psychological theories of criminality?
A)the offender's social environment
B)the offender's personality
C)the offender's biological and genetic make-up
D)the offender's physical health
Q3) On which of the following does Eysenck base his theory of crime and personality?
A)operant conditioning
B)social modelling
C)classical conditioning
D)psychoanalysis
Q4) Describe and critically analyze Eysenck's theory of crime and personality.
Q5) Describe and critically analyze how psychoanalytic theory views the causes of criminal behaviour.
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is another term for anomie?
A)normalcy
B)normlessness
C)normfulness
D)normalness
Q2) According to Braithwaite,belonging to the lower class has more effect on delinquency for youth in lower-class areas than for youth in middle-class areas.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following contradicts the "code of the street"?
A)You must let others know you are willing to negotiate.
B)You must show nerve.
C)You must respond to aggression with aggression.
D)You must let others know how tough you are.
Q4) Based on the writings of Braithwaite,would an increase in class heterogeneity in neighbourhoods lead to an increase or decrease in crime? Explain your answer.
Q5) Describe what Hackler means by "moving the morality curve to the left" as a means of reducing crime in our society. Provide illustrations.
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Q1) According to Marxist criminologists,which of the following best represents the roots of conflict and hence crime?
A)the structure of capitalist society
B)pathologies of individual offender
C)the biological and genetic make-up of offenders
D)intragroup conflict among those within the working classes
Q2) Marxist criminologists view conflict as rooted in the structure of capitalist society (capitalist economic relations).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Based on the work of Sellin,which of the following describes a situation where culture conflict is unlikely to arise?
A)when the laws of one cultural group are extended to cover the territory of another
B)when conduct norms clash on border areas between distinct cultures
C)as a result of colonization,migration,or immigration
D)when a society is culturally homogeneous
Q4) Describe and critique Greenberg's Marxian explanation of juvenile crime.
Q5) Distinguish between Instrumental Marxism and structural Marxism.
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Q1) How are cultural criminologists most likely to describe a rally where pro-cannabis protesters smoke pot on Parliament Hill?
A)a form of anti-governmentality
B)an act of transgression
C)a form of attentive gaze
D)a form of dangerous knowledge
Q2) Whose work is grounded in a concern for the modern conditions of sovereignty and its use of repression resulting in the loss of rights in the post-9/11 era?
A)Bourdieu
B)Agamben
C)Spitzer
D)Quinney
Q3) Much of Agamben's work is grounded in a concern for and about the modern conditions of sovereignty.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Outline the origins and early development of critical criminology in English Canada.
Q5) Is restorative justice a form of governmentality? Defend your answer.
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is the principal ethnomethodological critique of interactionist theory?
A)It fails to consider the historic,political,and economic context of crime.
B)It fails to indicate how people make sense of their social world.
C)It ignores how the conventional world identifies and classifies deviants and deviant acts.
D)There is insufficient proof that labelling causes deviance.
Q2) Short notes that careers in youth crime are likely to be prolonged after certain turning points have been reached.Which of the following is NOT one of the turning points discussed by Short in the textbook?
A)early interest in delinquent activities
B)the type of crime carried out by the offender
C)an early interest in drugs
D)the inability to find legitimate employment
Q3) A major factor leading to secondary deviation is the tendency of society to treat someone's criminality as a master status.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the implications of a master status for secondary deviation.
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Q1) The assumption that no special motivation is needed to explain deviance and that it is conformity and not deviance that needs explaining is at the core of which of the following theories on crime causation?
A)critical criminology theories
B)interactionist theories
C)social control theories
D)social psychology theories
Q2) Which of the following questions about crime is most likely to be posed by a social control theorist?
A)What is in that person's make-up that propels him/her to crime?
B)Why did he or she do it?
C)Why don't we all do it?
D)We all do it,so why doesn't everyone get caught?
Q3) All of the following,except one,are social bond elements described by Travis Hirschi.Which is NOT one of the social bonds?
A)belief
B)involvement
C)contingency
D)attachment
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a component of Cohen and Felson's routine activities theory of crime?
A)ineffective guardianship
B)police inefficiency
C)target suitability
D)motivated offenders
Q2) Implementing a neighbourhood watch program,in which local residents are trained to keep an eye out for suspicious people and activity,satisfies which of the following situational crime prevention strategies?
A)increasing the risk
B)reducing provocations
C)removing excuses
D)increasing the rewards
Q3) What theory argues that an individual's decision whether to commit a crime can be influenced by criminal laws and the criminal justice system?
A)routine activity theory
B)deterrence theory
C)group conflict theory
D)interactionist theory
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Q1) Which of the following theories forms the basis for ethnic succession theory?
A)deterrence
B)differential association
C)social control
D)strain
Q2) Which of the following organizational structures best represents Al Capone's illegal enterprises?
A)the bureaucratic/hierarchical model.
B)the kinship model
C)the patron-client model
D)the network model
Q3) The Criminal Code definition of organized crime includes groups that form randomly to commit a single offence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The code of omertà has long been a central way to insulate the Sicilian mafia from enforcement and prosecution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How can organized crime be differentiated from unorganized crimes?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) White-collar crimes committed with the encouragement of a formal organization and intended,at least in part,to advance the goals of that organization are referred to as organizational crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the textbook,what were the most widely publicized cases of unprofessional conduct in recent years?
A)falsification of research findings by academics
B)malpractice by doctors
C)cars sold with major defects
D)sexual abuse by members of the clergy
Q3) Explain what is meant by a criminogenic market structure.Analyze one of the case studies of corporate crime from the textbook and detail how it was influenced by market-based criminogenic factors.
Q4) Large compensation packages and attractive stock option packages for executives of large corporations have helped reduce corporate crime in recent years.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) To better understand online victimization,the textbook argues that research on cyberbullying and cyber-victimology must include an assessment of risk.Which of the following best represents the focus of such a risk assessment?
A)Computers might be classified according to a continuum of risk tolerance,ranging from infrequent use to frequent use.
B)Victims might be classified according to a continuum of risk tolerance,ranging from infrequent users to frequent users whose communications occur in or near real-time.
C)Offenders might be classified according to a continuum of risk tolerance,ranging from infrequent use to frequent use of the Internet.
D)Websites might be classified according to a continuum of risk tolerance,ranging from those visited infrequently to those visited frequently.
Q2) Skimming is an attempt to remotely circumvent the security or privacy measures of a website for the purposes of either stealing information or other malicious actions against the owner of the website.
A)True
B)False
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