Developmental Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology is an exploration of the psychological growth and changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from infancy to old age. This course examines the biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors that influence development, drawing on major theoretical frameworks and current research findings. Students will investigate milestones and challenges at various life stages and consider how genetics, environment, family, culture, and individual differences shape human behavior and mental processes over time. Through case studies and practical examples, the course highlights real-world applications in education, healthcare, and social policy.
Recommended Textbook
The Personality Puzzle 6th Edition by David C. Funder
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Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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Q1) ________ theories of personality apply the insights and methods derived from the study of perception, memory, and thought to the study of personality.
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Trait
C) Cognitive
D) Phenomenological
Answer: C
Q2) Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ________, whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ________.
A) similar to each other; different from each other
B) different from each other; similar to each other
C) essentially good; essentially bad
D) motivated by unconscious forces; motivated by conscious forces
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data
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Q1) The terms expectancy effect and behavioral confirmation refer to the same psychological phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.
A) experience sampling
B) experimental B
C) L
D) projective
Answer: B
Q3) Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
A) personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed
B) personality tests are unethical
C) personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
D) personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Personality Psychology As Science: Research
Methods
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?
A) A statistically significant result is not necessarily important or meaningful.
B) The smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect.
C) The criterion for a significant result is arbitrary.
D) The p-value is easy to interpret.
Answer: B
Q2) According to the text, science is the process of cataloging facts already known with certainty.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Random assignment allows researchers to ________.
A) ignore problems of measurement
B) assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions
C) ignore ethical constraints on research
D) control for selective attrition
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior
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Q1) Agreeableness is negatively associated with criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One response to Mischel's critique asserts that a fair review of the research on the predictability of behavior from personality traits indicates that ________.
A) behavior can never be reliably predicted from personality variables
B) the predictability of behavior from personality traits is better than is sometimes acknowledged
C) the predictability of behavior from situations is worse than the predictability from personality
D) Mischel was right
Q3) Which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument?
A) Personality trait measures do not predict behavior very well.
B) Situations are more important than traits for determining behavior.
C) Everyday intuitions that people have about personality are wrong.
D) Persons and situations interact to predict behavior.
Q4) Explain the issues that are involved in judging the size of the correlation coefficient of .40.
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Chapter 5: Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing
and Its Consequences
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Q1) For a test item to be useful for assessing personality, it is necessary that all test takers have the exact same interpretations of the items.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A test created using the rational method yields what kind of data?
A) S
B) I
C) L
D) B
Q3) As described in the text, according to some motivation researchers, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measures ________, whereas questionnaire-based measures predict ________.
A) what people want; actual performance
B) what people need; what people want
C) what people want; how motives are expressed
D) how motives are expressed; actual performance
Q4) What are some objections to personality testing? Which of these concerns are valid and which might be overstated or naïve?
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Chapter 6: Personality Assessment Ii: Personality Judgment
in Daily Life
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Q1) Music preferences seem to reflect personality characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To evaluate accuracy in personality judgments, researchers often want to know if personality judgments have predictive validity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.
A) accuracy; consensus
B) consensus; accuracy
C) predictive validity; reliability
D) consensus; interjudge agreement
Q4) A good judge of personality seems to be high in ________.
A) agency
B) self-monitoring
C) communion
D) absorption
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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Q1) Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the most inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication?
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) psychoticism
D) openness
Q2) A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach.
A) single-trait
B) many-trait
C) essential-trait
D) typological
Q3) A researcher using the Big Five likely adopts the many-trait approach.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ego control was related to increased delay of gratification in boys but not in girls.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) What neurotransmitter is NOT typically associated with the substantia nigra?
A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) serotonin
D) oxytocin
Q2) In 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife, his mother, and 14 more people at the University of Texas before he was killed by police. An autopsy revealed a tumor affecting Whitman's ________.
A) frontal lobe
B) amygdala
C) ventromedial cortex
D) cerebellum
Q3) According to the somatic marker hypothesis, specific regions of the brain store specific life memories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the functions of neurotransmitters. How do they seem to work in the body? Pick two neurotransmitters and describe why each is relevant to understanding personality.
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Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) The notion that humans could be improved through selective breeding is called________.
A) eugenics
B) cloning
C) behavioral Darwinism
D) heritability
Q2) What gene seems to be related to the trait of sensation seeking or novelty seeking?
A) DRD4
B) SSRI
C) 5-HTT
D) APOA
Q3) If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________.
A) genetic siblings; fraternal twins
B) fraternal twins; identical twins
C) identical twins; fraternal twins
D) adoptive siblings; genetic siblings
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Leaving a disproportionate amount of libido behind at a childhood stage of development is called ________.
A) regression
B) fixation
C) transference
D) the secondary process
Q2) What marks the end of the latency stage?
A) marriage
B) the selection of a career
C) puberty
D) the start of formal education
Q3) Criticisms of psychoanalysis often involve personal assaults on Freud's ethics and personal life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The superego maintains its power through its ability to ________.
A) produce dreams
B) produce fear
C) use psychic energy
D) pass moral judgments
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:
Defenses and Slips
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Q1) Repression differs from denial in that repressing something involves banishing the past from present awareness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Angie has completely repressed any memory of the sexual abuse she experienced as a child. Lately, she has been experiencing extreme stress at work and is going through a traumatic divorce. Which of the following is LEAST likely to happen, according to psychoanalytic theorizing about defense mechanisms?
A) She will begin to recall the sexual abuse.
B) She will experience failures of her defense mechanism.
C) She will experience anxiety.
D) She will switch to a more sophisticated defense mechanism.
Q3) Use psychoanalytic theory to explain sexist and/or racist humor. Make sure to explain why these jokes seem to work for some people but not for others.
Q4) Denial is a complex defense mechanism.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians,
Object Relations, and Current Research
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Q1) Modern developmental psychology has been most influenced by Erikson's idea that psychological development ________.
A) occurs in stages
B) is influenced by parents
C) happens across the life span
D) is dependent on physical maturation
Q2) The last stage in the life span for Erikson is generativity versus stagnation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________.
A) desire to actually possess a penis
B) lack of power and control in society
C) rejection of motherhood
D) dissatisfaction with their own bodies
Q4) Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas.
A) controlled experiments
B) archival and field studies
C) Freud's original case descriptions
D) patient histories and introspection
14
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Chapter 13: Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) What does it mean to take a phenomenological perspective on personality? Explain the basic idea of phenomenology and describe the philosophical roots of this approach.
Q2) Which tenant of self-determination theory appears to be its boldest prediction?
A) the clear distinction between hedonia and eudaimonia
B) the selfishness that results from subjective well-being
C) the universality of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness
D) the physical illnesses that results from hedonia but not subjective well-being
Q3) According to Sartre, the existential challenge is to ________.
A) avoid thinking about the meaning of existence
B) face the basic uncertainty and anguish of life and find personal meaning
C) maintain generativity and avoid stagnation
D) become a fully functioning, self-actualizing person
Q4) What Buddhist term refers to the idea that all things are in flux and impermanent?
A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt
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Chapter 14: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) Members of different kinds of cultures may experience emotions differently. People in ________ countries report more self-focused emotions, whereas people in ________ countries are more likely to report other-focused emotions.
A) emic; etic
B) complex; simple
C) tight; loose
D) individualistic; collectivist
Q2) The individualist versus collectivist distinction is analogous to the distinction between ________ with respect to personal values.
A) ideocentrism and allocentrism
B) conscientiousness and intolerance for ambiguity
C) extraversion and introversion
D) neuroticism and emotional stability
Q3) According to the textbook, what behavior led to a Danish mother's arrest in New York?
A) breast feeding in public
B) spanking her child in public
C) leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep in a stroller
D) giving marijuana to her 16-year-old son
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a major achievement of the learning approaches to personality?
A) These approaches pushed psychology in the direction of an objective science.
B) These approaches enhanced our understanding of how the environment affects behavior.
C) These approaches helped further the understanding of the importance of early interactions with caregivers.
D) These approaches led to the development of useful procedures for changing behavior, at least in the short term.
Q2) A utilitarian always values happiness over freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you are frustrated because your coworker's performance prevented you from getting the end-of-the-year bonus you expected, Dollard and Miller would predict that you respond to this frustration with ________.
A) depression
B) aggressive behavior
C) feelings of humiliation
D) avoidance of the situation
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Chapter 16: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Q1) Given that Rory works hard on his golf game and pursues excellence, he should score high in which of McClelland's primary goals?
A) achievement
B) domination
C) mastery
D) performance
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a type of idiographic goal?
A) current concerns
B) personal projects
C) developmental goals
D) personal strivings
Q3) What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned?
A) current concerns
B) personal projects
C) judgment goals
D) personal strivings
Q4) Define the concept of priming and describe how this idea can explain certain aspects of personality.
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Chapter 17: What You Know About You: the Self
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Q1) The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.
A) rejected
B) actual
C) ideal
D) ought
Q2) Sam is schematic for agreeableness. When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will ________.
A) take far longer to answer than someone who is aschematic for this trait
B) answer more quickly than someone aschematic for this trait
C) answer at about the same speed as someone who is aschematic for this trait
D) become emotionally distressed at the question prompts
Q3) Describe how the realistic accuracy model can be applied to self-knowledge. How does this model explain why accurate self-knowledge can be difficult to achieve?
Q4) Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?
A) S data only
B) B data only
C) S data and I data
D) S data and B data
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Chapter 18: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) Describe the five maladaptive personality traits recently proposed for DSM-V. How do these traits relate to the Big Five traits and other personality trait constructs described in the textbook?
Q2) Borderline personality disorder is probably the least severe disorder because it is on the "borderline" of normal psychological functioning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the distinction between ego-syntonic and ego-dystonic disorders. How might this issue affect the assessment of personality disorders? What strategies can be used to address this concern when attempting to diagnosis personality disorders?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding some of the concerns that have been raised about the DSM?
A) The DSM system is not widely used by the psychiatric community.
B) There is a tendency to pathologize morally repugnant and criminal behavior.
C) There is little in the way of a clear definition of mental health in the DSM.
D) The labels in the DSM can be overused.
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Chapter 19: Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) Funder identifies most strongly with the psychoanalytic approach to personality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There are actually multiple ways to structure an introduction to personality psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) George Kelly believed that it was possible to view the same objective facts from different psychological perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Q4) It would be extremely difficult to integrate trait and cognitive approaches to personality.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The limited perspective afforded by the different approaches to personality impedes scientific progress.
A)True
B)False
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