Developmental Psychology
Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology explores the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout the human lifespan, from infancy through old age. This course examines the major theories and research findings in cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. Students will investigate how genetics, environment, and cultural factors shape development at different stages, and critically analyze issues such as attachment, language acquisition, identity formation, and aging. Through lectures, readings, and case studies, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how individuals develop and the factors that influence developmental pathways.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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15 Chapters
1978 Verified Questions
1978 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Applied Directions
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If one individual has influenced the contemporary field of child development more than any other, it is
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Jean Piaget.
Answer: D
Q2) During the oral psychosexual stage, if oral needs are not met appropriately, an individual may develop such habits as
A) extreme messiness and disorder.
B) hostility toward the same-sex parent.
C) sexual promiscuity.
D) fingernail biting and overeating.
Answer: D
Q3) In Piaget's concrete operational stage, children
A) consider all possible outcomes in a scientific problem.
B) develop the capacity for abstract thinking.
C) reason with symbols that do not refer to real-world objects.
D) transform cognition into logical reasoning.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clinical interviews that focus on __________ are particularly vulnerable to distortion.
A) current information and specific characteristics
B) past information and specific characteristics
C) past information and global judgments
D) current information and global judgments
Answer: C
Q2) A strength of __________ is that it reflects participants' everyday behavior.
A) structured observation
B) naturalistic observation
C) the structured interview
D) the clinical interview
Answer: B
Q3) To be __________, observations and evaluations of people's actions cannot be unique to a single observer.
A) internally valid
B) generalizeable
C) reliable
D) externally valid
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) At first, the __________ system develops the fastest.
A) circulatory
B) digestive
C) nervous
D) endocrine
Answer: C
Q2) If the alleles from both parents are alike,
A) the child is heterozygous.
B) the child will not display the inherited trait.
C) dominant-recessive inheritance occurs.
D) the child is homozygous.
Answer: D
Q3) If baby Jaymie has a combined Apgar score of 7, doctors should
A) hand her to her parents, as she is in good physical condition.
B) provide immediate emergency assistance.
C) put her in an incubator.
D) provide some assistance in establishing breathing.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently until
A) "reaching on sound" is achieved.
B) their parents push them to do so.
C) they have received extensive orientation and mobility training.
D) they receive vision correction through eyeglasses or surgery.
Q2) Dr. Thatcher believes that parental responsiveness is adaptive in that it ensures that the infant's basic needs will be met. At the same time, it brings the baby in close contact with the caregiver, who encourages the infant to communicate through means other than crying. Dr. Thatcher probably endorses __________ theory.
A) psychoanalytic
B) ethological
C) behavioral
D) ecological systems
Q3) Reaching is largely controlled by A) vision.
B) proprioception.
C) gross-motor development.
D) depth perception.
6
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Chapter 5: Physical Growth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Programmed cell death
A) is the result of maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy.
B) often results in permanent mental retardation.
C) primarily occurs in unstimulated regions of the brain.
D) makes room for the formation of new synapses.
Q2) The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is
A) the distance curve.
B) biological age.
C) the velocity curve.
D) skeletal age.
Q3) Which of the following activities would promote experience-expectant brain growth?
A) reading
B) writing
C) playing a computer game
D) singing a song
Q4) Summarize the major nutritional and health advantages of breastfeeding.
Q5) Discuss the factors that influence adolescents' decisions about contraceptive use.
Q6) Discuss the factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core
Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Piaget's theory, the most powerful __________ are __________ and __________.
A) schemes; categorization; hierarchical classification
B) mental representations; images; concepts C) operations; hypothetico-deductive reasoning; logical necessity D) cognitive skills; private speech; propositional thought
Q2) One neo-Piagetian perspective combines Piaget's stage approach with A) ecological systems theory. B) information processing. C) behaviorism.
D) the core knowledge perspective.
Q3) In Piaget's theory, infants are unable to mentally represent experience until about _____ months of age.
A) 3
B) 9
C) 12
D) 18
Q4) Discuss the two major features of Piaget's formal operations stage.
Page 8
Q5) Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on children's private speech, and evaluate each on the basis of research findings.
Q6) Compare Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on children's make-believe play.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements or questions is most likely to be used by a legal professional to increase children's accurate reporting?
A) "You're doing great."
B) "She took your clothes off, didn't she?"
C) "You said there was a man. Was he tall and scary looking?"
D) "Tell me what happened."
Q2) According to fuzzy-trace theory, __________ preserve(s) essential meaning without details, whereas __________ memory contains precise details.
A) scripts; autobiographical
B) recognition memory; recall
C) semantic memory; episodic
D) gists; verbatim
Q3) On average, a preschooler from a low-income family is read to for a total of _____ hours during early childhood, a middle-income child for _____ hours.
A) 25; 1,000
B) 100; 500
C) 500; 2,500
D) 1,000; 10,000
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Moses and Arianne are doing research on mental abilities that contribute to successful performance on intelligence tests. Which of the following approaches should they use?
A) Use a correlational procedure of factor analysis.
B) Compare a test-taker's score with older children's scores.
C) Calculate the amount of error associated with a test-taker's score.
D) Use simple measures of sensory responsiveness and reaction time.
Q2) On intelligence tests, vocabulary, general information, and arithmetic problems are examples of items that emphasize __________ intelligence.
A) fluid
B) specific
C) general
D) crystallized
Q3) Ten-year-old Andrea has an IQ of 130. This means that she
A) performed as well as or better than 98 percent of her same-age peers.
B) scored higher than 98 percent of all children.
C) scored three standard deviations above the mean.
D) performed as well as or better than 84 percent of her same-age peers.
Q4) What do adoption studies reveal about the effects of heredity and environment on IQ?
11
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) In American Sign Language (ASL), accurately expressing motion requires
A) at least some ability to hear low tones.
B) well-developed fine-motor skills.
C) up to seven grammatical markers.
D) an understanding of pragmatic communication.
Q2) During the elementary school years, vocabulary increases __________, eventually exceeding comprehension of _____ words.
A) twofold; 25,000
B) threefold; 30,000
C) threefold; 60,000
D) fourfold; 40,000
Q3) Preschoolers do not understand why puns are funny because they have not yet developed the ability to
A) handle unconventional word meanings.
B) extend language meanings through metaphor.
C) deal with word meanings on an entirely verbal plane.
D) appreciate the multiple meanings of words.
Q4) Describe pragmatic development, including factors that support early communication skills.
Q5) Describe two accounts of how semantic development takes place.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two-year-old Jonathan asks his father to read him a story before leaving him with a babysitter. According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, Jonathan is in the __________ phase.
A) preattachment
B) "attachment-in-the-making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) reciprocal relationship
Q2) An appreciation of mixed emotions helps school-age children realize that A) people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
B) pride elicits the same emotion as happiness and surprise.
C) basic emotions are more complex than self-conscious emotions.
D) two emotions cannot really occur at once.
Q3) Hobie has developed a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and his interaction with those figures. Hobie has a(n)
A) avoidant attachment.
B) resistant attachment.
C) internal working model of attachment.
D) slow-to-warm-up temperamental style.
Q4) Discuss attachment security in skipped-generation families.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because of the effect of gender-stereotyped expectations,
A) boys feel less confident than girls about their athletic abilities.
B) girls feel more confident than boys about their physical appearance.
C) girls exceed boys in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship and social acceptance.
D) boys are somewhat advantaged in the area of academic self-esteem.
Q2) Because her mother and grandmother were teachers, Melissa has decided to become a teacher. Melissa is demonstrating identity
A) moratorium.
B) achievement.
C) foreclosure.
D) diffusion.
Q3) Which of the following characteristics is Justin, who has autism, likely to exhibit?
A) the use of frequent nonsensical expressions
B) a strong capacity for establishing joint attention
C) good social referencing skills
D) the use of eye contact to gain someone's attention
Q4) Describe the development of self-concept from early childhood to adolescence.
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14
Chapter 12: Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Moral maturity is positively correlated with A) popularity.
B) egocentrism.
C) IQ.
D) political aspirations.
Q2) To study moral development, Kohlberg
A) observed people in naturally occurring situations requiring moral reasoning.
B) used an ethnographic approach to assess moral reasoning.
C) studied moral reasoning in institutionalized children and adolescents.
D) presented people with hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Q3) Jinelle is an anxious, fearful preschooler. What can her parents do to foster guilt reactions and conscience development?
A) Focus more on misbehavior than prosocial behavior.
B) Engage in power assertions.
C) Avoid using mild, patient tactics, as these will reinforce anxious behavior.
D) Use mild patient tactics, such as requests, suggestions, and explanations.
Q4) When adults use punishment with children, what factors can increase its effectiveness?
Q5) Describe the development of aggression, including individual differences in aggressive behavior.
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Chapter 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender
Roles
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130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mr. and Mrs. Merkle have a daughter and a son. They are most likely to
A) work hard to assign "cross-gender" chores to their children to avoid gender stereotyping.
B) assign their son chores that keep him close to home but allow their daughter to engage in activities that take her further into the community.
C) pair control with autonomy for their daughter and engage in restrictive parenting with their son.
D) use more directive speech with their daughter and grant their son more autonomy.
Q2) Research findings suggest that language is __________ teach children about gender stereotypes and gender roles.
A) a powerful indirect means to
B) the only method to
C) the primary means through which parents
D) not a factor in the way that parents
Q3) Describe the ways in which observational learning affects how children view gender roles.
Q4) Describe the development of gender constancy.
Q5) Explain the observed differences in the emotional sensitivity of girls and boys.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) When parents make frequent comparisons between same-sex siblings who are close in age,
A) children strive harder to develop independent personality traits.
B) siblings make gains in perspective-taking skills.
C) sibling rivalry tends to increase, particularly during toddlerhood and the preschool years.
D) it results in more quarreling and antagonism for the children.
Q2) As children become old enough to look after themselves, those who
appear responsible and well-adjusted.
A) have a history of authoritative child rearing
B) are not required to perform household tasks
C) are left to their own devices
D) are given the responsibility of caring for younger siblings
Q3) Mr. and Mrs. Dismuke live with their two children, Mrs. Dismuke's parents, and Mr. Dismuke's uncle. All of these people make up
A) a stepfamily.
B) a blended family.
C) the nuclear family unit.
D) an extended-family household.
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Page 17
Chapter 15: Peers, Media, and Schooling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Playing speed-and-action video games fosters
A) spatial skills in boys, but not in girls.
B) selective attention in boys and girls alike.
C) greater selective attention in girls, but not in boys.
D) greater school performance for boys and girls alike.
Q2) If Evita has a history of drug use, delinquency, and aggression in peer relationships, the likelihood that she will
A) engage in unhealthy weight control tactics decreases.
B) experience a satisfying, long-term relationship increases.
C) experience dating violence increases.
D) engage in risky sexual behavior decreases.
Q3) Research shows that adolescents feel greatest pressure to conform to A) engaging in antisocial acts.
B) having sex.
C) participating in social activities.
D) using alcohol or drugs.
Q4) Describe the differences between cliques and crowds, and how they develop.
Q5) Describe ways in which parents indirectly influence their children's peer relations.
Q6) Describe the relationship between television violence and aggression.
Page 18
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