Developmental Psychology Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology explores the patterns and processes of human growth and change from conception through old age. This course examines physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development across the lifespan, emphasizing major theories, research methods, and contemporary issues in the field. Students will analyze developmental milestones, factors influencing development such as genetics, environment, and culture, and the challenges individuals face at different life stages. The course also addresses the application of developmental principles to real-world contexts, fostering a deeper understanding of how people grow and adapt throughout their lives.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 6th Edition by James S. Nairne
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16 Chapters
5113 Verified Questions
5113 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rueben is a clinical psychologist.While he is at work, Rueben probably spends time:
A)using scientific principles to solve practical, everyday problems
B)delivering human services such as psychotherapy or counseling
C)prescribing medications to patients to treat mental illness
D)working with students in primary and secondary schools
Answer: B
Q2) Dr.Adelbeck believes that certain aspects of emotional expression are innate.With respect to emotional development, Dr.Adelbeck takes:
A)an empiricist approach
B)a nativist approach
C)a functionalist approach
D)a structuralist approach
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following questions would most interest a humanistic psychologist?
A)How does the unconscious influence friendship?
B)What are the basic elements of friendship?
C)How does friendship enhance personal growth?
D)How does external reinforcement affect friendship?
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Tools of Psychological Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Wilson sets up an experimental study to investigate how self-esteem is affected by feedback from teachers.During the study, third-grade teachers administer a short quiz where each child earns the same score (5 out of a possible 10 points).Half the children are told that this is a very good score, while the rest are told that it is an average score.In this study, the dependent variable is:
A)the type of feedback the child receives (very good or average)
B)the child's score on the quiz
C)the age of the children who take part in the study
D)the child's level of self-esteem after the quiz has been returned
Answer: D
Q2) Dr.Murawski wants to determine if musical appreciation is affected by listening conditions.One group of research participants listens to music in a darkened room while another group listens in a brightly lit room.The design of this study is consistent with:
A)an experimental research procedure
B)correlational research
C)case study research
D)naturalistic observation
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biological Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nicotine in cigarette smoke acts as an agonist for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and it has a general stimulatory effect in the body.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) An electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to:
A)obtain actual pictures of the brain's anatomical structures
B)obtain a pictorial blueprint of brain activity
C)obtain extremely detailed, three-dimensional images of the brain
D)monitor the overall electrical activity within the brain
Answer: D
Q3) Both sodium and chloride ions:
A)carry a positive charge
B)are concentrated outside the neuron's cell body
C)carry a negative charge
D)are concentrated inside the neuron's cell body
Answer: B
Q4) The language used by the cells in the nervous system to communicate is
Answer: electrochemical
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Chapter 4: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Charles has been told that he has lung cancer that is beyond treatment.His doctor tells him that he will probably die within a year.Charles suddenly starts to laugh and tells the doctor that the lab must have mixed up the test results.Charles is most likely in the stage of grieving identified by Kübler-Ross as: A)denial B)anger C)bargaining D)depression
Q2) When an experiment is designed using a longitudinal design: A)the performance of different people of various ages is compared B)the same individuals are tested repeatedly over time C)different people are tested at each step in the study D)more than one dependent variable is manipulated
Q3) Describe how individuals come to establish a gender identity.What role does social learning play?
Q4) The fact that we are threatened by the idea of dying is explained by ____________________ theory, which also predicts that we suppress thoughts about death and avoid things that remind us of our mortality.
Q5) Define the term "temperament" and describe the four types of infant temperament.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the three cone photopigments responds most to different wavelengths of light.These data best support:
A)opponent-process theory
B)trichromatic theory
C)frequency theory
D)top-down processing theory
Q2) Perception results from:
A)top-down processing alone
B)bottom-up processing alone
C)top-down and bottom-up processing working together
D)top-down and bottom-up processing opposing one another
Q3) Frieda is watching her twin brothers Fred and Ted walk toward her.She knows Fred and Ted are equal in height.Since Fred is creating a larger retinal image than Ted, Frieda knows he is closer to her.Which monocular cue explains this?
A)convergence
B)linear perspective
C)overlap
D)relative size
Q4) The word ____________________ literally means movement.
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Chapter 6: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do psychologists define the term consciousness?
Q2) A book collector has just purchased a book by Freud about dreams.A likely topic of the book is:
A)the activation-synthesis hypothesis
B)how dreams gratify unconscious wishes and desires
C)how dreams consolidate memories
D)the parasomnia theory
Q3) Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine, which acts as a natural reinforcer and, at low doses, produces a general stimulatory effect.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As the night progresses:
A)the interval between successive REM states becomes longer
B)the interval between successive REM states becomes shorter
C)the interval between successive REM states stays the same
D)REM sleep eventually disappears from the sleep cycle
Q5) The ____________________ hypothesis suggests dreaming is a consequence of random activity in the brain.
Q6) Explain what is meant by drug tolerance.
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Chapter 7: Learning From Experience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Manfred has been trying to study for the past hour, but his neighbor is working on a building project.At first, Manfred found the sound of the pneumatic hammer was mildly irritating, but now he finds it extremely distracting.To Manfred, it seems as though the noise from the hammer is actually getting louder over time.Manfred's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:
A)habituation
B)desensitization
C)second-order conditioning
D)sensitization
Q2) Differentiate between habituation and sensitization.
Q3) Frieda used to be afraid of dental visits because she associated the sound of the drill with pain.However, Frieda's new dentist is "painless" and the sound of the drill is no longer associated with pain.Consequently, Frieda finds her fear of dental visits has disappeared.Frieda's change in responsiveness to dental visits illustrates the classical conditioning process referred to as:
A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)conditioned inhibition
D)second-order conditioning
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists use the term ____________________ to refer to the processes used to construct an internal visual picture.
Q2) Which of the following is FALSE of long-term memory?
A)not everything we experience is stored in long-term memory
B)it has a relatively unlimited capacity
C)information is stored in long-term memory for long periods of time
D)it stores information in a way that is conceptual to remember
Q3) Sperling's research in which participants viewed three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second investigated:
A)semantic memory
B)sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)flashbulb memory
Q4) The working memory model is most closely associated with:
A)Baddeley
B)Craik
C)Bartlett
D)Sperling
Q5) The term ____________________ memory is used to refer to visual sensory memory.
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Chapter 9: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) Working backward is a problem-solving heuristic that requires:
A)devising actions to reduce the gap between the current point in the problem and the desired goal
B)trying to find a connection between the current problem and some previous problem
C)attempting various problem solutions sequentially until a successful solution is found
D)starting at the goal state and moving toward the current point in the problem
Q2) The English language uses 26 letters in the alphabet:
A)and it also has 26 distinct phonemes, one for each letter
B)and these letters can be used to create approximately 40 different phonemes
C)but the letters can only be used to create 10 separate phonemes
D)and these letters can be combined to create over 40,000 phonemes
Q3) Compare and contrast algorithms and heuristics.In what types of situations are these strategies likely to be most adaptive?
Q4) People use ____________________ and adjustment when they make judgments based on the difference between the event in question and an initial starting estimate.
Q5) What is the incubation effect? Describe three possibilities for why it may occur.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deviation IQ is used because of problems caused by:
A)defining IQ as a ratio
B)the mathematical complexity of the original IQ computation
C)difficulty getting good predictive validity scores with the original IQ format
D)lack of standardization
Q2) Dr.Iota is concerned about whether or not the final exam in his philosophy class accurately measures a student's accumulated knowledge about core concepts from the course.It appears that Dr.Iota is most concerned with the:
A)reliability of his final exam
B)standardization of his final exam
C)impact of confounding factors on his final exam
D)validity of his final exam
Q3) According to Raymond Cattell, ____________________ intelligence refers to knowledge and abilities that are acquired.
Q4) According to Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence, there are three types of intelligence: ____________________ intelligence, practical intelligence, and analytical intelligence.
Q5) Outline some of the factors that need to be considered in accounting for group differences in IQ.
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Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss what cross-cultural research has shown about the expression and recognition of emotions.
Q2) Paul Ekman and colleagues who study facial expressions have identified six basic emotions, which include ____________________, happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and surprise.
Q3) According to Maslow, after esteem needs are met, the following needs are considered:
A)physiological needs
B)safety needs
C)belongingness needs
D)actualization needs
Q4) Ben is trying to solve a crossword puzzle in the local newspaper because he enjoys working through all the clues and coming up with the correct answers.This is an example of:
A)intrinsic motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)self-actualization
D)incentive motivation
Q5) The hierarchy of needs was developed by ____________________.
Q6) Outline the key points in the debate over whether there are basic emotions.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the major contributions of Alfred Adler.
Q2) A personality test in which people answer groups of questions about how they think and act, after which their responses are compared to the average responses of large numbers of test takers, would be a(n):
A)idiographic test
B)apperception test
C)projective test
D)self-report inventory
Q3) Denial is an ego-defense mechanism that:
A)involves the refusal to believe information that leads to anxiety
B)deals with unacceptable thoughts and feelings by attributing them to others
C)transforms anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings into the opposite thought or feeling
D)channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
Q4) Who of the following is NOT a trait theorist?
A)Eysenck
B)Cattell
C)Allport
D)Rogers
Q5) According to Freud, the ____________________ begins at puberty.
14
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is one of the types of information used in making an attribution in the covariation model?
A)validity
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)individuality
Q2) Elizabeth watched 20 episodes of a new television series.She thought that every one of the episodes she saw was terrible.However, all Elizabeth's friends think that this is one of the best television series of all time.In this case, most people should make:
A)an external attribution for Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
B)an internal attribution for Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
C)a situational attribution for Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
D)an attribution error in explaining Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
Q3) Which of the following is one of the components of an attitude?
A)the cognitive component
B)the biological component
C)the external component
D)the internal component
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ symptoms of schizophrenia involve observable expressions of abnormal behavior, such as delusions or hallucinations
Q2) What is the medical model for conceptualizing psychological disorders? Discuss some of the arguments that have been raised against using the medical model to understand abnormal behaviors.
Q3) Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, accompanied by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts are likely to be classified as:
A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)panic disorder
D)phobic disorder
Q4) A jury is convinced by a woman's lawyer that when she killed her husband, she did not understand what she was doing was legally or morally wrong because she suffered from a "mental disease." The lawyer has made a convincing argument she was:
A)dysfunctional
B)deviant
C)insane
D)incompetent
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Chapter 15: Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three main categories of factors that are common to most forms of effective psychotherapy are ____________________, support, and learning.
Q2) The behavioral therapy that is designed to increase adaptive behaviors using modeling and reinforcement is:
A)social skills training
B)aversion therapy
C)token economies
D)all of these choices
Q3) Which of the following is a form of insight therapy?
A)therapeutic alliance therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)social skills training
D)systematic desensitization
Q4) Psychodynamic approaches to therapy are modern therapies based on:
A)Freudian principles
B)humanistic principles
C)Rogerian principles
D)gestalt principles
Q5) Client-centered therapy was developed by ____________________.
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Chapter 16: Stress and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) One research study tracked the immune response in men married to women with advanced breast cancer.The results from this study indicated that on average, following their wife's death:
A)the men had fewer lymphocytes in their blood
B)the men had more lymphocytes in their blood
C)the existing lymphocytes showed a weaker response to foreign substances
D)the existing lymphocytes showed a stronger response to foreign substances
Q2) Burnout is least likely to occur in idealistic individuals who entered their careers with a high sense of motivation and commitment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Some of the physical and psychological symptoms associated with ____________________ withdrawal are insomnia, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and increased appetite or weight gain.
Q4) The specialized white blood cells called ____________________ have the job of attacking foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.
Q5) Discuss the Type A, Type B, and Type D personality styles, and their relationship to the effects of stress on physical health.
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