Developmental Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology explores the psychological growth and changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from infancy to old age. The course examines key theories, research methods, and major findings related to cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. Students will engage with topics such as language acquisition, attachment, moral reasoning, identity formation, and the impact of culture and environment on development. By understanding the factors that influence human growth, learners gain insight into the processes that shape behavior and personality at various life stages.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Lifespan Development 3rd edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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Sample Questions
Q1) When researchers cannot randomly assign participants and manipulate conditions in the real world,they can sometimes compromise by conducting
experiments.
A) field
B) natural
C) structured
D) laboratory
Answer: B
Q2) Children and adolescents from immigrant families are
A) more likely than their agemates to commit delinquent and violent acts.
B) the fastest growing sector of the U.S. youth population.
C) more likely than their agemates to have early sex.
D) more likely than their agemates to miss school due to illness.
Answer: B
Q3) Piaget convinced the field that children are
A) blank slates.
B) like flowers because their maturation unfolds automatically.
C) active learners.
D) cognitively mature in early adolescence.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bart and Nadia are gymnasts.Their son,4-year-old Dylan,participates in children's gymnastics.This is an example of
A) range of reaction.
B) an evocative correlation.
C) an active correlation.
D) a passive correlation.
Answer: D
Q2) Abnormalities of the sex chromosomes
A) tend to cause mental retardation.
B) often cause aggressive and antisocial behavior.
C) typically lead to miscarriage.
D) usually lead to fewer problems than abnormalities of the autosomes.
Answer: D
Q3) Neighborhood programs that provide enrichment activities
A) have little impact in low-income areas.
B) are unlikely to reach the neediest children and youth.
C) predict favorable development only in middle- to high-income areas.
D) improve social skills but have little impact on academic achievement.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn
Baby
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ectoderm folds over to form the A) neural tube.
B) lungs.
C) heart.
D) brain.
Answer: A
Q2) As early as the third month of pregnancy,
A) the fetus can suck its thumb.
B) the fetus can survive if born prematurely.
C) most of the brain's neurons are in place.
D) vernix covers the skin of the fetus.
Answer: A
Q3) Before the late 1800s,childbirth usually took place
A) at home and was a family-centered event.
B) at home, but away from other family members.
C) in a hospital with trained midwives.
D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to breastfed babies,bottle-fed infants
A) are leaner.
B) have more respiratory illnesses.
C) have far fewer allergic reactions.
D) have lower blood cholesterol levels in adulthood.
Q2) Which of the following statements about imitation is true?
A) Newborns do not have the ability to imitate facial expressions.
B) While newborn humans imitate some gestures, studies have failed to reproduce the findings in newborn primates.
C) According to Andrew Meltzoff, newborns do not imitate as much as older children and adults do.
D) Some researchers claim that newborns, both primate and human, imitate a variety of facial expressions and head movements with effort and determination, even after short delays.
Q3) In left-handed people,the
A) right hemisphere always handles spatial abilities.
B) cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized than in right-handed people.
C) left hemisphere is always responsible for positive emotion.
D) left hemisphere is always responsible for verbal abilities.
Q4) Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two-year-old Sammy uses the word "truck" only to refer to his dad's vehicle.This is an example of
A) referential style.
B) an overextension.
C) an underextension.
D) telegraphic speech.
Q2) According to Piaget,organization takes place
A) through direct contact with the environment.
B) internally.
C) in the zone of proximal development.
D) externally.
Q3) Infants' __________ may underlie the circular reaction.
A) fear of overstimulation
B) familiarity preference
C) difficulty inhibiting new and interesting behaviors
D) internal depictions of events
Q4) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the information-processing perspective.
Q5) Discuss the development of cooing and babbling in hearing and deaf infants.
Page 7
Q6) According to the core knowledge perspective,babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems.List and describe core domains of thought.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parents who dismiss the importance of early relationships tend to have
A) securely attached children.
B) insecurely attached children.
C) warm, sensitive caregiving styles.
D) reconstructed memories.
Q2) Describe categorical self development.How does it relate to gender typing?
Q3) As infants understand more about their world,they
A) smile less often.
B) laugh only at dynamic, eye-catching sights.
C) smile only in response to very active stimuli.
D) laugh at events with subtler elements of surprise.
Q4) From 4 to 6 months into the second year,angry reactions
A) decrease in both frequency and intensity.
B) increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency.
C) increase in frequency, but decrease in intensity.
D) increase in both frequency and intensity.
Q5) Define temperament.Describe the difficult child,according to Thomas and Chess.
Q7) How does paternal depression affect child development? Page 9
Q6) Do infant characteristics affect the quality of attachment? How is caregiving involved?
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Page 10
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Doctors can estimate __________ using X-rays of epiphyses.
A) height
B) loss of baby teeth
C) skeletal age
D) weight
Q2) A color-matching activity is within Zelda's zone of proximal development.In order to complete this task,Zelda will need
A) realistic props.
B) some guidance from an adult or more experienced peer.
C) to have a firm understanding of conservation.
D) step-by-step instructions from an adult or older child.
Q3) Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
A) egocentrism
B) language
C) sensorimotor activity
D) self-reflection
Q4) Discuss episodic memory,including memory for familiar events and memory for one-time events.
Q5) Discuss Vygotsky's view of make-believe play.
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Preschool friends
A) interact in essentially the same way as nonfriends.
B) share mutual trust but are not usually emotionally expressive.
C) talk, laugh, and look at each other more than nonfriends do.
D) usually have lasting ties with each other.
Q2) Preschool teachers
A) give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.
B) give more overall attention to girls than to boys.
C) tend to praise girls more often than boys for their academic knowledge.
D) use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys.
Q3) According to Erikson's theory,children best learn to cooperate to achieve goals through A) play.
B) discipline.
C) modeling.
D) scaffolding.
Q4) Discuss the emergence of empathy in early childhood.How does this capacity affect prosocial,or altruistic,behavior?
Q5) Describe first friendships.How do preschoolers describe friends?
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows that __________ predicts school performance at least as well as,and sometimes better than,IQ does.
A) self-discipline
B) SES
C) the size of the cerebral cortex
D) emotional intelligence
Q2) Children best learn to read using
A) a whole-language approach.
B) a phonics approach.
C) a combination of both whole-language and phonics instruction.
D) drill and repetition.
Q3) The information-processing perspective
A) focuses on overall cognitive change.
B) examines separate aspects of thinking.
C) fails to consider biological influences on thinking.
D) argues that gains in operational thinking are abrupt and automatic.
Q4) Discuss physical education in the United States and its impact on child development.
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Q5) Compare and contrast the whole-language approach and the phonics approach to teaching reading.How do children learn best?
Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Asian parents and teachers are more likely than their American counterparts to view __________ as key to success.
A) ability
B) luck
C) effort
D) intelligence
Q2) Regardless of SES,daughters of employed mothers
A) have higher self-esteem.
B) get better grades in school.
C) are more achievement-oriented.
D) display more gender-stereotyped beliefs.
Q3) Which of the following statements about children's understanding of individual rights is true?
A) Children tend to regard laws that discriminate against individuals as okay.
B) As early as age 6, children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights.
C) Older school-age children believe that all matters are best decided democratically.
D) Prejudice usually increases during middle childhood.
Q4) Describe how child-rearing practices affect the development of self-esteem.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Most gay,lesbian,or bisexual youths experience
A) earlier intercourse than their heterosexual agemates.
B) an inner struggle that is intensified by a lack of role models and social support.
C) same-sex physical attraction, on average, between ages 6 and 8.
D) gender confusion and sexual questioning.
Q2) Although many high school dropouts achieve poorly and show high rates of norm-violating acts,
A) rarely are other warning signs present.
B) rarely do these students report a history of dissatisfaction with school.
C) these students are nonetheless likely to find adequate employment after leaving school.
D) a substantial number quietly disengage from school.
Q3) Piaget believed that at adolescence,young people first become capable of A) practical intelligence.
B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
C) animistic thinking.
D) transitive inference.
Q4) Discuss the impact that child-rearing styles have on academic achievement in adolescence.
Page 15
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Society can help minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts by A) encouraging them to explore the meaning of ethnicity in their lives.
B) encouraging them to reject the dominant culture until they establish ethnic identity.
C) discouraging contact with peers of the same ethnicity and encouraging assimilation. D) ensuring that they learn English, rather than retaining their native language.
Q2) Adolescents who gain most in moral understanding have parents who A) place limits on their free time.
B) listen sensitively.
C) assert their own personal opinions frequently.
D) frequently use sarcasm.
Q3) Identity-__________ individuals lack clear direction.They are not committed to values or goals,nor are they actively trying to reach them.
A) achieved
B) foreclosed
C) diffused
D) delayed
Q4) Describe how sibling interactions adapt to development at adolescence.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the psychological impact of attending college.
Q2) Obesity
A) is strongly associated with serious health problems.
B) drops in early and middle adulthood.
C) is not treatable.
D) is a personal choice.
Q3) Changes of aging in __________ are twice as rapid for men as for women.
A) vision
B) hearing
C) the cardiovascular system
D) the muscular system
Q4) Suzanne has come to understand that her religious beliefs are her "truth" and her boyfriend's beliefs are his "truth." Suzanne is using
A) dualistic thinking.
B) relativistic thinking.
C) commitment within relativistic thinking.
D) pragmatic thought.
Q5) List and describe five features of obesity treatment programs that promote lasting behavior change.
Q6) Describe how biological aging affects motor performance. Page 17
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Page 18
Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy,emotional highs and lows,and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection.Though she offered support to her husband,Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs.Based on this information,it is likely that Gloria has a(n)__________ attachment history.
A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) trusting
Q2) __________,especially,forge compatible friendships before becoming involved romantically.
A) Lesbians
B) Gay men
C) Heterosexual men
D) Heterosexual women
Q3) Departure from the parental home in early adulthood
A) is usually permanent, with few young adults returning home.
B) occurs at an earlier age than in the past.
C) is a major step toward assuming adult responsibilities.
D) is one phase of the family life cycle that all adults experience.
Page 19
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following individuals is the most likely to help you make a rational decision about whether to make a costly repair to your house?
A) Esther, a high school student
B) Willa, a 22-year-old
C) Ruth, a 30-year-old
D) Roshawndra, a 45-year-old
Q2) Mature-age women list __________ as the most common reason for not completing their degrees.
A) role overload
B) the amount of homework
C) the fast pace of the classes
D) failure to achieve high grades
Q3) When more than 2,000 U.S.women were asked what their feelings were about no longer menstruating,60 percent said they felt
A) old.
B) relieved.
C) ashamed.
D) depressed.
Q4) Discuss changes to creativity that individuals experience in the aging process.
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monica is ruthless,suspicious,stingy,antagonistic,critical,and irritable.Monica is low in A) neuroticism.
B) agreeableness.
C) openness to experience.
D) conscientiousness.
Q2) Which of the following statements about midlifers' relationships with grown children is true?
A) Providing adult children with assistance diminishes midlife psychological well-being. B) When children marry, parents generally experience a more distant relationship with the couple.
C) Financial, practical, emotional, and social support in Western countries typically flow "upstream."
D) When warm, supportive relationships endure, intimacy between parents and children increases over the years.
Q3) Discuss the glass ceiling.How does it impact women and ethnic minorities in midlife?
Q4) Define possible selves.How do they change in midlife?
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21
Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) With age,
A) artery walls soften.
B) the walls of the left ventricle thicken.
C) the heart muscle becomes less rigid.
D) maximum heart rate increases.
Q2) Which of the following statements about older adult drivers and motor vehicle accidents is true?
A) Older adults rarely try to compensate for their difficulties by being more cautious drivers.
B) Older drivers have higher rates of accidents, traffic violations, and fatalities than any other age group.
C) Older adults tend to drive less than young adults and, consequently, are at a lower risk for traffic accidents.
D) Older adults are at high risk for collisions at busy intersections and in other complex traffic situations.
Q3) Discuss some nondrug protective factors that help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Q4) How much sleep do older adults require? Discuss insomnia in late adulthood.
Q5) Discuss changes in taste,smell,and touch sensitivity in late adulthood.
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Yolanda has achieved ego integrity.Which of the following statements is most likely true?
A) Yolanda does not accept help from others even when it is needed.
B) Yolanda feels that she has made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to correct them.
C) Yolanda fears death and is overwhelmed with hopelessness.
D) Yolanda has a close relationship with her adult children.
Q2) Older adults who score high in openness to experience are especially likely to engage in __________ reminiscence.
A) knowledge-based
B) self-focused
C) other-focused
D) maladaptive
Q3) Older adults
A) are more likely than younger people to respond to tensions with yelling and arguing. B) are less likely than younger people to use constructive strategies in response to tensions.
C) actively apply their emotional expertise to promote harmony. D) report more problematic relationships than younger people.
Page 23
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although __________ is difficult,it enables the mourner to work through the pain of grief.
A) bereavement
B) avoidance
C) confrontation
D) denial
Q2) Geraldine's husband died two years ago,just after she turned 81.Which of the following statements about Geraldine is most likely true?
A) Geraldine displays many negative outcomes.
B) The loss of her husband profoundly disrupted Geraldine's life plans.
C) After a period of intense grieving, Geraldine is faring well.
D) Geraldine is experiencing disenfranchised grief.
Q3) Obsessively reviewing the circumstances of a loved one's death is a common element of the __________ phase of the grieving process.
A) avoidance
B) confrontation
C) restoration
D) denial
Q4) Discuss the benefits and consequences of dying at home.
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