Developmental Psychology Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology explores the patterns and processes of human psychological growth and change across the lifespan, from conception through old age. The course examines major theories and research on physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, focusing on how individuals develop in context and how various factors such as genetics, environment, culture, and life experiences shape development. Through empirical studies and case examples, students will gain insight into milestones of development, individual differences, and the application of developmental principles to real-world settings including education, family, and healthcare.
Recommended Textbook
Developmental Psychology 1st Edition by Frank Keil
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Chapter 1: Approaching Psychological Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to protect children's rights when they participate in research, studies usually are approved by a university's:
A) MRI
B) NIRS
C) EEG
D) IRB
Answer: D
Q2) You are going to do a study on infant sensation with a professor at your university.After the two of you have your study planned out and are ready to begin, you should ________ to be sure your study does not involve unnecessary risks.
A) try the procedures out on yourself
B) ask a focus group of mothers about your study
C) submit a proposal to your institutional review board
D) recruit and test a few infants first
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Biology of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the major risk factors for preterm birth.
Answer: Several forms of physical and psychological stress can increase the likelihood of a preterm birth.Risk factors include: infections in either the mother or fetus, maternal substance use (for example, smoking, alcohol, and illegal drugs), and maternal stress.
Q2) Brush turkeys are born on the ground and need to fend for themselves soon after birth, whereas songbirds are born in nests and trees and are protected.These different local environments are referred to as:
A) biological addresses
B) differential nests
C) environmental niches
D) localized adaptations
Answer: C
Q3) Down syndrome is most likely the result of which genetic condition?
A) monosomy 13
B) monosomy 21
C) trisomy 21
D) X linked inheritance
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Coming to Perceive the World
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Q1) Dr.Cashon wants to design a study to determine whether infants can differentiate between a complex pattern-a checkerboard with many squares-and a simple pattern-a checkerboard with few squares.Describe how Dr.Cashon could answer this question using the preferential looking method.In doing so, explain the rationale behind this method.
Answer: Dr.Cashon should present the simple and complex patterns to infants simultaneously and record their looking times.The idea behind the preferential looking method is that infants might prefer to look more at some displays than others.When infants are presented with two types of displays at once, and they reliably prefer to look at one rather than the other, this suggests that they can detect a difference between the two.
Q2) What statement best describes the way newborn chicks peck at their food?
A) Newborn chicks peck 20 degrees to the left of their actual food.
B) Newborn chicks peck more at rounded objects.
C) Newborn chicks peck more at objects with straight edges.
D) Newborn chicks peck more at objects with sharp angles.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Emergence of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) After you've been running on a treadmill for 30 minutes, you complete your workout and get off of it.Suddenly, you feel like you're walking forward quickly.This effect, in part, is caused by having disrupted your:
A) mirror neurons
B) passive input
C) visual flow fields
D) affordances
Q2) If you were to apply an animal learning model of imprinting to infant facial recognition, based on the research you would choose a(n):
A) two-system model based on recognizing followed by orienting
B) two-system model based on orienting followed by recognizing
C) operant conditioning paradigm where infants are reinforced
D) classical conditioning paradigm where infants are conditioned
Q3) Describe the famous "Little Albert" study, why it was done, and what it showed.
Q4) Imprinting is important because it offers evidence that:
A) animals have to learn what to bond with
B) animals are born "blank slates"
C) nativists may be correct
D) empiricists may be correct
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Chapter 5: Coming to Understand the Physical World
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Q1) A 3-year-old child who understands object permanence and solidity begins to be capable of:
A) using symbols to mentally represent objects
B) quasi-logical thought with concrete information
C) logical abstract thought
D) primary circular reactions
Q2) For $29.95, the "Widget-for-Your-Infant DVD" promises to vastly improve your infant's abilities by using neuroscience principles to increase the number of synaptic connections in your infant and selectively prune unnecessary connections.Based on your understanding of neuroscience, you are skeptical because you know that:
A) research has shown that several more expensive DVD programs are better
B) development is determined by experiences at certain critical periods, and so watching DVDs is useless
C) the patterns and pruning of synapses in infants are mostly influenced by genetics
D) DVDs have not been found to work as well as using structured classical music
Q3) Take the position of either an empiricist or a nativist, briefly explain your approach, and, then, describe how an infant's ability to categorize emerges according to your view.
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Chapter 6: Connecting with the Social World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monkeys who were reared in isolation and were exposed to therapist monkeys:
A) showed no signs of rehabilitation
B) behaved in an overly aggressive fashion to the therapist monkeys
C) avoided the therapist monkeys
D) interacted and played with the therapist monkeys
Q2) ________ refers to Freud's proposed series of stages of development related to drives, instincts, and sources of pleasure.
A) Drive development
B) Id development
C) Psychosexual development
D) Psychosocial development
Q3) Alexander spent his first year in a Romanian orphanage before adoption.Luca spent only three months in the same orphanage before adoption.Which of the following is most likely?
A) Both Alexander and Luca will have intelligence scores in the normal range.
B) Alexander will have a lower intelligence score than Luca.
C) Luca will have a lower intelligence score than Alexander.
D) Both Alexander and Luca will have extremely low intelligence scores.
Q4) How does the presence of separation anxiety indicate a specific bond?
Q5) Describe how extreme infant irritability may affect the quality of attachment.
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Chapter 7: The Origins of Emotion, Temperament, and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between temperament and personality.
Q2) Jamal is a toddler who is able to effectively shift his attention and focus on tasks.Jamal would be considered high on:
A) affect modification
B) effortful control
C) rhythmicity
D) surgency
Q3) Gene's dog is very timid.He is afraid of dogs that are smaller than him.How would you describe the dog's temperament?
A) easy
B) difficult
C) inhibited
D) uninhibited
Q4) All of the following are considered self-conscious emotions EXCEPT:
A) anger
B) envy
C) empathy
D) pride
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Q5) What methods do researchers use to study infants' facial expressions?
Q6) What is negativity bias and why might infants demonstrate this response?
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Language Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What approach to language learning is supported by Noam Chomsky?
A) behaviorist approach
B) connectionist approach
C) nativist approach
D) statistical learning approach
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Preschoolers more often base their notions of word meanings on defining features, and elementary schoolchildren more often use characteristic features.
B) Preschoolers more often base their notions of word meanings on characteristic features, and elementary schoolchildren more often use defining features.
C) Both preschoolers and elementary schoolchildren more often base their notions of word meanings on defining features than on characteristic features.
D) Both preschoolers and elementary schoolchildren more often base their notions of word meanings on characteristic features than on defining features.
Q3) Differentiate between characteristic and defining features.
Q4) Describe Vygotsky's view that the emergence of language reshapes thought.
Q5) Explain the concept of generativity and its importance for language.
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Chapter 9: The Growth of Knowledge
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Q1) What are three universal core biological beliefs?
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of children in "biology-deprived" environments?
A) Children and adults in biology-deprived environments reason in less sophisticated ways about biological problems than those in biology-enriched environments.
B) Children, but not adults, in biology-deprived environments reason in less sophisticated ways about biological problems than those in biology-enriched environments.
C) Adults, but not children, in biology-deprived environments reason in less sophisticated ways about biological problems than those in biology-enriched environments.
D) There is no difference in the ways that children and adults in biology-deprived environments reason about biological problems than those in biology-enriched environments.
Q3) What is the zone of proximal development, and how could teachers apply this concept to facilitate student learning?
Q4) Define conservation and provide examples of two conservation tasks.
Q5) Differentiate between foundational and emergent constraints.
Q6) Describe the process of scaffolding and provide an example.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Growth of Cognitive Skills
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Q1) Vanessa's birthday is today; she's turning 4 years old.One present she is given is a dollhouse made to resemble her own home.Her father points to a closet in the doll house and tells her that an even better present for her is hidden in that same location in their house.Vanessa will likely:
A) not be able to hold that much symbolic information in working memory
B) attempt to open the closet on the doll house to get the present
C) run to the closet in her actual home to find the present
D) need help from an adult or older child to understand what her father means
Q2) Compared to countries with poorer-performing math students, countries with higher-performing math students have teachers who typically:
A) use drills less often
B) have more mathematics education
C) de-emphasize conceptual exposure
D) present information more slowly
Q3) ADHD appears to have a higher incidence rate in:
A) wealthy families
B) poorer families
C) girls
D) white Americans
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Chapter 11: Intelligence and Schooling
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Q1) Discuss the importance of schooling by drawing from research on how schools affect children's thoughts and abilities.
Q2) In part, Gardner developed his theory based on his study of creativity.Gardner used two main approaches for his study of creativity, which were:
A) fluid and crystallized approaches
B) linguistic and mathematical approaches
C) idiographic and linguistic approaches
D) idiographic and nomothetic approaches
Q3) Maya has good self-awareness, management of her emotions, and motivation.Maya has excellent:
A) fluid intelligence
B) linguistic intelligence
C) intrapersonal intelligence
D) interpersonal intelligence
Q4) What are Gardner's multiple intelligences, and how are they different?
Q5) What is creativity, and what are different ways it can be measured (the different categories of tasks and tests)?
Q6) What is known about how and why IQ scores seem to rise over time?
Q7) What is IQ and how is it computed (both historically and now)?
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Chapter 12: Morality in Thought and Action
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Q1) All of the following are findings of Gershoff's meta-analysis EXCEPT:
A) physical punishment is associated with more immediate compliance
B) physical punishment is associated with more internalization of morals
C) physical punishment is associated with poorer mental health
D) physical punishment is associated with greater likelihood of suffering physical abuse
Q2) Margaret Mead studied the development of magical thinking in traditional people in Papua New Guinea.She found that:
A) children and adults commonly invoked magical thinking to explain events
B) children were more likely than adults to invoke magical thinking
C) adults were more likely than children to invoke magical thinking
D) children and adults rarely invoked magical thinking to explain events
Q3) All of the following are forms of empathy EXCEPT:
A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) motor
D) social
Q4) Define antisocial and prosocial behavior.Provide two examples of each form of behavior.
Q5) Differentiate between evolutionary and cultural views of morality.
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Chapter 13: Knowing Ourselves, Knowing Others
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Q1) Mitch thinks of his past accomplishments and what he believes he can attain in the future.This illustrates his ________ self.
A) conceptual
B) extended
C) ideal
D) temporal
Q2) The fundamental attribution error leads people to:
A) attribute negative behaviors in others and themselves to situations
B) attribute negative behaviors in others to trait-like dispositions but the same behavior in themselves to situations
C) attribute negative behaviors in others to situations but the same behavior in themselves to trait-like dispositions
D) attribute negative behaviors in others and themselves to trait-like dispositions
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Self-efficacy and self-esteem both have a moment-to-moment quality.
B) Self-efficacy has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-esteem.
C) Self-esteem has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-efficacy.
D) Self-efficacy and self-esteem are both extremely stable.
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Chapter 14: Becoming Part of the Family
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of children's biases?
A) Children did not find judgments about exclusion from activities based on either ethnicity or gender to be morally inappropriate.
B) Children find exclusion from activities based on ethnicity to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on gender.
C) Children find exclusion from activities based on gender to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on ethnicity.
D) Children find judgments about exclusion from activities based on both ethnicity and gender to be equally high in moral inappropriateness.
Q2) Brooke was the first born.Her parents took her to the museum and talked to her about art.Her youngest brother out of her three siblings is exposed to his family discussing favorite foods and superheroes.This illustrates:
A) confluence theory
B) divergence theory
C) ecological systems theory
D) resource theory
Q3) How can stress at work affect parenting styles?
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Chapter 15: Becoming Part of the Community
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Q1) All of the following statements about collectivist and individualistic cultures are correct EXCEPT:
A) researchers found that both forms of cultural values are taught to young children in all cultures despite whether they were labeled collectivist or individualist
B) dominant and powerful members of a culture often find it easier to embrace moral reasoning from a collectivist perspective
C) there are some gender differences in patterns of socialization across cultures, leading to differences in what values are expressed by boys and girls
D) children from individualist cultures show increased tendencies to engage in sociodramatic play
Q2) Taylor's class participates in a peer nomination task.She is nominated as being well liked by most children and disliked by few children.Her status is: A) accepted
B) controversial C) dominant
D) popular
Q3) How do friendships change with the transition to adolescence?
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology in Childhood
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Q1) All of the following are cognitive biases seen in anxious children EXCEPT:
A) paying more attention to aversive stimuli
B) quickly shifting attention from distressing stimuli
C) tendency to interpret ambiguous events in negative ways
D) selective recall of negative memories and events
Q2) All of the following are symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder EXCEPT:
A) frequent panic attacks
B) high incidences of checking various things
C) highly repetitive behaviors
D) persistent, intrusive thoughts
Q3) A meta-analysis of studies examining the long-term effects of psychoanalytic therapy suggests:
A) there are no significant effects of psychoanalytic therapy with kids
B) psychoanalytic therapy consistently produces positive results in many adults
C) psychoanalytic therapy consistently produces negative results in many adults
D) there are no significant effects of psychoanalytic therapy in adults
Q4) What are some of the potential explanations for the increased incidence of autism?
Q5) Differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder and phobias.
Q6) Describe why autism is often referred to as a pervasive developmental disorder.
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Chapter 17: Development after Childhood and Adolescence
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Q1) ________ occurs when certain dopamine-producing cells in the midbrain start to die off.
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) General dementia
C) Hayflick's disease
D) Parkinson's disease
Q2) ________ is the idea that some people have more brain capacity to begin with and are thus better able to function cognitively in late adulthood.
A) Cognitive capacity
B) Cognitive potential
C) Cognitive rhythms
D) Cognitive reserve
Q3) Sidney is an elderly gentleman who visits the ophthalmologist (eye doctor).During his visit, the doctor notices that the central area of Sidney's retina has become pigmented and has developed thinning layers.This suggests that Sidney may have:
A) cataracts
B) glaucoma
C) macular degeneration
D) strabismus
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