Developmental Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology explores the patterns and processes of human growth and change throughout the lifespan, from conception to old age. The course examines physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, emphasizing the factors that influence development at different stages, such as genetics, environment, and culture. Students will analyze key theories and research findings in areas such as attachment, language acquisition, moral reasoning, and identity formation, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how individuals change and remain the same over time. The course also addresses atypical development, interventions, and the implications of developmental research for education, parenting, and social policy.
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Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by Randy Larsen
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Q1) To say that an individual has the trait of happiness,one needs to know whether the individual:
A)is happy at a given moment.
B)is frequently happy.
C)remembers being happy.
D)makes others happy.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following domains of knowledge about human nature deals with mental mechanisms of personality,many of which operate outside of conscious awareness?
A)The cognitive-experiential domain
B)The biological domain
C)The intrapsychic domain
D)The adjustment domain
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Q1) To meet the requirements of good experimental design when establishing the influence of one or more variables,a(n)_____ variable is manipulated.
A)dependent
B)controlled
C)independent
D)causal
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a weakness of self-report data?
A)People may intentionally lie about themselves.
B)People may not know how to answer questions accurately.
C)Self-report data are especially difficult to collect.
D)People may intentionally distort reports on unusual experiences.
Answer: C
Q3) An advantage of experience sampling data is that:
A)one is able to detect patterns of behavior over time.
B)it is easier to collect than other forms of self-report data.
C)it is a completely objective form of self-report data.
D)it is free of the biases associated with other self-report methods.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Q1) In the context of the combinations of Big Five variables,which of the following combinations is most likely to make a good computer wiz?
A)High psychoticism,high agreeableness,and high neuroticism
B)High neuroticism,low conscientiousness,and low emotional stability
C)High agreeableness,low openness,and extraversion
D)High conscientiousness,high openness,and introversion
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a criticism of the theoretical approach?
A)It can only be as good as a theory.
B)It is a theoretically based approach.
C)It depends on the lexical hypothesis.
D)It has restricted its identification of important traits to adjectives.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a key element of the act frequency approach?
A)Act nomination
B)Assessing synonym frequency
C)Recording of act performance
D)Prototypicality judgment
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following might NOT explain why a person often acts in a friendly manner?
A)The person has the trait of friendliness.
B)The person is often found in social situations.
C)The person chooses to go to many parties and social events.
D)The person thinks of himself or herself as being friendly.
Q2) Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies situationism?
A)Roger loves to organize events at school and plan how to celebrate special occasions at home.
B)Keith is known for his dressing style both at his workplace and in informal situations.
C)Kiara is an intelligent college student and even got good grades at school.
D)Sheba is a quiet and submissive child at school and a dominating sibling at home.
Q3) One result of Walter Mischel's critique of trait approaches has been:
A)an increased interest in person-situation interactions.
B)a decreased interest in person-situation interactions.
C)a decrease in the practice of aggregation.
D)a decrease in the study of personality traits.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) According to a longitudinal study conducted by Conley & Angelides (1984),which of the following early personality characteristics was found to be useful in distinguishing between the men who had become alcoholic and those who had developed an emotional disturbance?
A)Emotional stability
B)Conscientiousness
C)Impulse control
D)Agreeableness
Q2) According to Wink et al.(2007),adolescents who scored high on conscientiousness and agreeableness were more likely to:
A)score high on religiousness later in life.
B)score low on emotional stability by mid-life.
C)get divorced.
D)cope well with the death of a spouse.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a subscale of sensation seeking?
A)Thrill and adventure seeking
B)Disinhibition
C)Sociability
D)Boredom susceptibility
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about fraternal twins?
A)They are always the same sex.
B)They come from a single fertilized egg,which divides into two at some point during gestation.
C)They are like regular siblings in terms of genetic relatedness.
D)They are genetically identical to their co-twins and share 100 percent of their genes.
Q2) In the context of the nature-nurture debate,which of the following statements is true about physical differences among people?
A)Genetic or environmental differences have no significant effect on occupational preferences.
B)Genetic differences are more important than environmental differences in terms of mate preferences.
C)Genetic and environmental factors are roughly equal when it comes to individual differences in weight.
D)Environmental differences are overwhelmingly important for individual differences in height.
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Monoamine oxidase works by:
A)preventing too many neurotransmitters from entering a synaptic gap.
B)acting as a conductor to facilitate the transmission of neurotransmitters between neurons.
C)manufacturing neurotransmitters inside the neuron.
D)breaking down neurotransmitters after they have allowed a nerve impulse to pass.
Q2) Who among the following tend to seek out thrilling and exciting activities,take risks,and avoid boredom?
A)People who score high on introversion
B)People who score high on sensation seeking
C)People who score high on Type A personality
D)People with weak nervous systems
Q3) Unlike individuals with shorter biological rhythms,individuals with longer biological rhythms _____.
A)tend to be evening persons
B)are able to remain insensitive to reward even with a reactive behavioral activation system
C)find it easy to get up early in the morning
D)are unable to go against their natural circadian preferences
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Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the evolutionary approach?
A)Lack of knowledge about conditions during human evolution
B)Different selective pressures today than in most of human history
C)Different evolutionary explanations being able to explain the same phenomenon
D)Usage of an inductive method to generate evolutionary hypotheses
Q2) In the context of frequency-dependent strategic individual differences,women who adopt a restricted mating strategy _____.
A)are highly likely to signal their sexual infidelity toward their men
B)curb their urge to assess their men's level of commitment
C)have little reason to delay sexual intercourse
D)assure their men of their paternity of future offspring
Q3) Cross-cultural studies of jealousy have found that:
A)jealousy is more pronounced in Western cultures than in Asian cultures.
B)the double-shot hypothesis shows cross-cultural consistency.
C)women in Asian cultures are more upset by sexual infidelity than are men.
D)there is strong evidence for universal sex differences in jealousy across cultures.
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a technique for revealing unconscious conflict?
A)Free association
B)Dream analysis
C)An inkblot test
D)Identification
Q2) _____ refers to the channeling of unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desirable activities.
A)Subcortical
B)Subjugation
C)Sublimation
D)Substitution
Q3) In which stage of personality development does a child discover that he has,or she does not have,a penis?
A)The oral stage
B)The anal stage
C)The phallic stage
D)The genital stage
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the narcissistic paradox?
A)Kevin has a high self-esteem but gets annoyed of constant praises from his friends.
B)Keith has a grandiose sense of self-importance but can still handle criticism very well.
C)Simone appears low in self-esteem but is sure of her worth as a fashion consultant.
D)Sheila appears to be a confident manager but needs constant praise from her team members.
Q2) A person with inflated self-admiration who constantly attempts to draw attention toward himself or herself can be described as:
A)a narcissist.
B)fixated in the trust versus mistrust stage.
C)securely attached.
D)ambivalently attacheD.
Q3) Karen Horney,a medical doctor and a psychoanalyst,practiced from:
A)1910 to 1930.
B)the 1930s up to about 1950.
C)1950 to 1970.
D)the 1970s up to about 1990.
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Q1) The humanistic tradition is most associated with the:
A)motive to self-actualize.
B)need for power (nPow).
C)need for intimacy (nInt).
D)need for achievement (nAch).
Q2) According to a study that compared groups defined in terms of where they stood on Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy in terms of overall happiness,people working on higher-level needs _____ compared to people working on more basic needs.
A)are less happy
B)are happier
C)are no different in terms of overall happiness
D)sleep more
Q3) Which of the following is a growth-based motive?
A)Power
B)Achievement
C)Intimacy
D)Self-actualization
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Q1) Personal Projects Analysis often addresses:
A)the likelihood that goals will be met.
B)the difficulty of meeting the selected goals.
C)the personal importance of goals.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) _____ tend to be more sociable than _____.
A)Individuals with an external locus of control;those with an internal locus of control
B)Individuals with an internal locus of control;those with an external locus of control
C)Field-independent individuals;those who are field-dependent
D)Field-dependent individuals;those who are field-independent
Q3) A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in:
A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)causal attribution.
D)defensive pessimism.
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Q1) The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with:
A)social desirability.
B)having many positive emotions.
C)positive illusions.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events,happy people recalled _____ than unhappy people.
A)more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events
B)as many pleasant events but fewer unpleasant events
C)more pleasant events but as many unpleasant events
D)more events,both happy and unhappy
Q3) The findings of the research conducted by Larsen,Diener,and Emmons (1986)showed that compared with the subjects low on the affect intensity dimension,the high affect intensity subjects rated their life events as _____.
A)significantly less severe
B)moderate
C)neutral
D)significantly more severe
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Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Q1) According to Ross,Liu,Tomfohr,and Miller (2013),which of the following statements is true about self-esteem variability?
A)People whose self-esteem hinges on feedback they receive from others show lower self-esteem variability.
B)Chronic self-esteem variability is associated with various health risk factors.
C)Men tend to have higher self-esteem variability than women.
D)Self-esteem variability is independent of the degree to which one's self-evaluation is changeable.
Q2) Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as:
A)social comparison.
B)perspective taking.
C)objective self-awareness.
D)self-conceptualization.
Q3) A person who is unable to do well in an exam:
A)feels bad if doing well in the exam was a part of his or her self-concept.
B)feels bad if he or she has low self-esteem.
C)feels bad if he or she has high self-esteem.
D)most likely begins to self-handicap.
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Q1) According to George Kelly and Conley (1987),_____ has been the most consistent personality predictor of marital instability and divorce.
A)emotional instability
B)introversion
C)disagreeableness
D)low conscientiousness
Q2) The following are all examples of how personality traits guide the selection of situations EXCEPT that individuals scoring high on:
A)sensation seeking avoid risky situations.
B)psychoticism choose volatile and spontaneous situations.
C)Machiavellianism prefer face-to-face situations.
D)empathy are likely to volunteer for community activities.
Q3) Which of the following is a primary tactic of influence used by highly agreeable people?
A)Charm
B)Reason
C)Social comparison
D)Monetary reward
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Chapter 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality
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Q1) The _____ stance argues that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.
A)antifeminist
B)minimalist
C)probabilist
D)maximalist
Q2) High levels of testosterone in women are linked to all of the following behaviors EXCEPT:
A)being the more "masculine" partner in lesbian relationships.
B)having an increased sexual desire just prior to ovulation.
C)being greatly successful in traditionally masculine careers.
D)having frequent disciplinary infractions when incarcerateD.
Q3) Women tend to score higher than men on the _____ facet of agreeableness. A)activity
B)good-natured
C)tender-mindedness
D)cooperative
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Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Q1) Which of the following terms best refers to the tendency to describe and present oneself using positive or socially valued attributes,such as kind,understanding,intelligent,and industrious?
A)The false consensus effect
B)Self-compassion
C)A false positive
D)Self-enhancement
Q2) People in the country of Octavia believe that lighting ten candles every night wards off evil spirits.However,people in the country of Bodonia do not believe in evil spirits and light candles to mark celebrations.This scenario best exemplifies _____.
A)cultural variations
B)high-variance conditions
C)self-guides
D)individual differences
Q3) Which of the following ideas is considered wrong by most cultures?
A)Committing incest
B)Eating pork
C)Combing one's hair during a thunderstorm
D)Beating one's wife
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Stress,Coping,Adjustment,and Health
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Q1) According to Hans Selye,people are most susceptible to illness in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)model.
A)appraisal
B)alarm
C)resistance
D)exhaustion
Q2) People who score high on hostility:
A)are usually violent and aggressive.
B)are violent and aggressive when dealing with submissive people.
C)react to frustration with disagreeable behavior.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q3) _____ refers to the effects of stress that add up and accumulate in a person over time.
A)Additive effects
B)Stress accumulation
C)Longitudinal buildup
D)Stress accrual
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) Ron is 11 years old and enjoys torturing snakes.He disobeys his parents and usually engages in acts of stealing and destroying property.Ron most likely has _____ personality disorder.
A)schizoid
B)antisocial
C)histrionic
D)schizotypal
Q2) When children come to believe that others are not to be trusted,they are most likely to develop _____ personality disorder.
A)obsessive-compulsive
B)histrionic
C)borderline
D)narcissistic
Q3) Maggie Scarf (1996),a reporter writing in the New Republic magazine,presented her view that Ted Kaczynski most likely had _____ personality disorder.
A)antisocial
B)narcissistic
C)borderline
D)avoidant
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) The _____ domain centers on subjective experience and other mental processes,such as thoughts,feelings,beliefs,and desires about oneself and others.
A)intrapsychic
B)dispositional
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential
Q2) Understanding gender differences is most likely associated with personality psychologists in the _____ domain.
A)intrapsychic
B)dispositional
C)social and cultural
D)cognitive/experiential
Q3) The cognitive/experiential domain pertains to:
A)areas of the mind that are outside of conscious awareness.
B)goals that people strive for.
C)evolutionary perspectives on personality.
D)the accurate measurement of traits and abilities.
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