Course Introduction
Developmental Biology
Textbook Exam Questions
Developmental Biology explores the processes by which organisms grow and develop from single cells into complex multicellular life forms. This course examines the molecular, genetic, and cellular mechanisms regulating embryonic development, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Key topics include gametogenesis, fertilization, pattern formation, organogenesis, stem cell biology, and the roles of growth factors and signaling pathways. The course also highlights experimental methods, model organisms, and current advances in developmental genetics, as well as implications for human health, disease, and regenerative medicine.
Recommended Textbook
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th Edition by Bruce M. Carlson
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18 Chapters
301 Verified Questions
301 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Pregnancy
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An alkaline fluid secreted by the ________ helps to raise the pH of the upper vagina after insemination.
A)Testes
B)Ovaries
C)Prostate
D)Seminal vesicles
E)None of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Functional maturation of spermatozoa occurs in the _________.
A)Epididymis
B)Ductus deferens
C)Prostate
D)Seminal vesicle
E)Upper vagina
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the barriers to sperm survival and transport within the female reproductive tract,low pH is most important in the ___________.
A)Upper uterine tube
B)Lower uterine tube
C)Uterine cavity
D)Cervix
E)Vagina
Answer: E
Q2) Under the influence of estrogens secreted before ovulation,which of the following changes in the female reproduction tracts occur(s)to facilitate the transport of the ovulated egg and/or spermatozoa?
A)Decreased smooth muscle activity
B)Increased viscosity of the cervical mucus
C)Increased ciliation of the epithelium of the uterine tube
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Cleavage and Implantation
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the ________________.
A)Uterus
B)Cervix
C)Abdominal cavity
D)Uterine tube
E)Ovary
Answer: D
Q2) The fixation of the left-right asymmetry is initiated by the unequal distribution of molecules at the ____________.
A)Prechordal plate
B)Neural plate
C)Primitive node
D)Notochord
E)None of the above
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
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9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which molecule is most heavily involved in the process of lateral inhibition?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Sox-9
C)Notch
D)Transforming growth factor-
E)None of the above
Q2) Which family of genes is most heavily involved in segmentation of the body?
A)Hedgehog
B)Pax
C)Transforming growth factor-
D)Fibroblast growth factor
E)Hox
Q3) Which of the following is/are properties of Hox genes?
A)Twelve paralogous groups
B)5 genes expressed in more anterior structures than 3 genes
C)Four clusters of Hox genes located on two chromosomes
D)Expressed in developing segmented structures
E)All of the above
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6
Chapter 5: Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neural induction molecules act by blocking the inhibitory action of _________ in the dorsal ectoderm.
A)Bone morphogenetic protein-4
B)Noggin
C)Chordin
D)Fibroblast growth factor
E)Lim-1
Q2) Precursor cells of which of the following embryonic tissues pass through the primitive streak?
A)Cytotrophoblast
B)Syncytiotrophoblast
C)Yolk sac endoderm
D)Amniotic ectoderm
E)None of the above
Q3) The principal inductor in primary neural induction is the _____________.
A)Hypoblast
B)Primitive streak
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Notochordal process
E)Embryonic ectoderm
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Chapter 6: Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The dorsal pancreatic bud is initially induced from duodenal endoderm by the
A)Liver
B)Notochord
C)Lung bud
D)Yolk sac
E)None of the above
Q2) Somites arise from _______________.
A)Somatopleure
B)Paraxial mesoderm
C)Splanchnopleure
D)Intermediate mesoderm
E)None of the above
Q3) The sclerotome arises from cells that were located in the ______________.
A)Notochord
B)Paraxial mesoderm
C)Intermediate mesoderm
D)Lateral mesoderm
E)None of the above
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formation of hydatidiform moles is related to a disturbance in ____________.
A)Parental imprinting
B)X-chromosome inactivation
C)Induction
D)Cell migration
E)Hox gene expression
Q2) In the mature placenta,which fetal tissue directly interfaces with the maternal uterine connective tissue?
A)Cytotrophoblast
B)Syncytiotrophoblast
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Decidual cells
E)None of the above
Q3) Which malformation can lead to polyhydramnios?
A)Meckel's diverticulum
B)Esophageal atresia
C)Persistent anal membrane
D)Omphalocele
E)Aganglionic megacolon
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Chapter 8: Developmental Disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and Patterns
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11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Folic acid deficiency is now thought to be a major cause of what class of malformations?
A)Trisomies
B)Neural tube defects
C)Ambiguous genitalia
D)Polyploidy
E)Duplications
Q2) What percentage of congenital malformations is due to unknown causes?
A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)50%
E)75%
Q3) Which of the following anomalies can be attributed to a disturbance in tissue resorption?
A)Pelvic kidney
B)Cleft lip
C)Anal atresia
D)Renal agenesis
E)Intrauterine digital amputation
10
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Chapter 9: Integumentary, skeletal, and Muscular Systems
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9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which characteristic does not apply to the cellular precursors of limb muscles?
A)Located in the lateral half of the somite
B)Migration and differentiation are little influenced by axial structures
C)Express myogenic determination factors within the somite
D)Migrate into the limb bud before differentiating
E)None of the above
Q2) How many nuclei would you expect to find in a myoblast?
A)1
B)2
C)4
D)8
E)None of the above
Q3) The skeletal musculature of the limb arises from the _________________.
A)Somatopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
B)Neural crest
C)Splanchnopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
D)Neural tube
E)Somites
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Chapter 10: Limb Development
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17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The skeletal musculature of the limb arises from the _________________.
A)Somatopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
B)Neural crest
C)Splanchnopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
D)Neural tube
E)Somites
Q2) In the initiation of limb development,the expression and secretion of ____________ by local mesodermal cells stimulate the overlying ectoderm to secrete fibroblast growth factor-8.
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Fibroblast growth factor-10
C)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
D)Msx-1
E)None of the above
Q3) A mutation of Hoxa-13 is characterized by ______________.
A)Diplopia
B)Shortened phalanges
C)Syndactyly
D)Triphalangeal thumb
E)Amelia
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Chapter 11: Nervous System
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Growth cones adhere strongly to a substrate containing _______________.
A)Acetylcholine
B)Epinephrine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Laminin
E)Sonic hedgehog
Q2) What molecule produced by the notochord is instrumental in inducing the floor plate of the neural tube?
A)Hoxa-5
B)Retinoic acid
C)Acrosin
D)Hyaluronic acid (haluronin)
E)Sonic hedgehog
Q3) The cranial nerve ganglia are associated with all of the following rhombomeres except ______________.
A)r2
B)r3
C)r4
D)r6
E)r7
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Chapter 12: Neural Crest
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14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cell and tissue types arises from cranial,but not trunk,neural crest cells?
A)Sensory ganglia
B)Adrenal medulla
C)Melanocytes
D)Schwann cells
E)None of the above
Q2) Which of the following might be associated with von Recklinghausen's disease?
A)Café au lait spots
B)Neurofibromas
C)Gigantism of the limb
D)All of the above
Q3) Which of the following is a derivative of cranial,but not trunk,neural crest?
A)Sensory ganglia
B)Dermis
C)Melanocytes
D)Schwann cells
E)Autonomic ganglia
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14
Chapter 13: Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which embryonic tissue contains mesoderm?
A)Oropharyngeal membrane
B)Tympanic membrane
C)Proctodeal membrane
D)Lens
E)None of the above
Q2) The sensory hair cells of the inner ear originate from the _________________.
A)Pinna
B)Otic placode
C)Neural crest
D)Pharyngeal arch
E)Prosencephalon
Q3) Which of the following associations is incorrect?
A)Optic cup - neural retina
B)Neural crest - sphincter/dilator papillae muscles
C)Ectodermal placode - lens
D)Neural crest - pigment layer of the retina
E)Neural crest - corneal endothelium
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15
Chapter 14: Head and Neck
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33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following determines the specific form of a tooth?
A)Oral epithelium
B)Dental lamina
C)Oral mesoderm
D)Enamel organ
E)Neural crest mesenchyme
Q2) Which of the following cranial nerves does not contribute to the sensory innervation of the tongue?
A)Trigeminal (V) nerve
B)Facial (VII) nerve
C)Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
D)Vagus (X) nerve
E)Hypoglossal (XII) nerve
Q3) The external auditory meatus arises from branchial grove _________. A)1
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body
Cavities
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ventral part of the diaphragm is derived principally from the ____________.
A)Mesentery
B)Pleuroperitoneal folds
C)Septum transversum
D)Body wall
E)None of the above
Q2) Which vessel serves as the pivot point for intestinal rotation?
A)Inferior mesenteric artery
B)Hepatic portal vein
C)Celiac artery
D)Umbilical vein
E)Superior mesenteric artery
Q3) Which of the following is associated with polyhydramnios?
A)Pyloric stenosis
B)Anal atresia
C)Esophageal stenosis
D)Meckel's diverticulum
E)None of the above
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Chapter 16: Urogenital System
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29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ductus deferens is derived from the ________________.
A)Urogenital sinus
B)Mesonephric duct
C)Paramesonephric duct
D)Prostatic utricle
E)Genital folds
Q2) Cranial migration of a horseshoe kidney is arrested by the ______________.
A)Dorsal aorta
B)Superior mesenteric artery
C)Inferior mesonephric artery
D)Umbilical arteries
E)None of the above
Q3) The scrotum arises from the same indifferent structure as the ______________.
A)Uterus
B)Urethra
C)Labia minora
D)Lower vagina
E)Labia majora
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18
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neural crest contributes to the structure of which of the following:
A)Truncus arteriosus
B)Ascending aorta
C)Pulmonary trunk
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Q2) The vitelline veins form what structure in the adult?
A)Ductus venosus
B)Portal vein
C)Ligamentum teres
D)Coronary sinus
E)None of the above
Q3) Which of the following cardiac malformations requires the presence of a secondary defect to be compatible with life?
A)Interatrial septal defect
B)Interventricular septal defect
C)Patent ductus arteriosus
D)Tricuspid atresia
E)None of the above
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Chapter 18: Fetal Period and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants is due to ______________.
A)Insufficient development of the pulmonary vasculature
B)Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus
C)Excessive production of pulmonary surfactant
D)Insufficient development of the diaphragm
E)None of the above
Q2) Three days after birth,an infant becomes cyanotic during a prolonged crying spell.The cyanosis is due to venous blood entering the systemic circulation through the
A)Interatrial septum
B)Ductus arteriosus
C)Ductus venosus
D)Umbilical vein
E)Interventricular septum
Q3) The ligamentum teres is the postnatal remains of the ______________.
A)Ductus arteriosus
B)Ductus venosus
C)Umbilical vein
D)Umbilical artery
E)Urachus
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