Dental Histology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Dental Histology is the study of the microscopic structure and function of the tissues comprising the teeth and their supporting structures. This course provides an in-depth understanding of the development, composition, and organization of dental tissues such as enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, as well as the periodontium, which supports and anchors the teeth in the jaws. Through the examination of histological slides and integration of theoretical concepts, students gain a foundational knowledge essential for diagnosing and understanding pathological changes in dental tissues and their clinical implications in dentistry.
Recommended Textbook
Histology and Cell Biology An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by Abraham L Kierszenbaum
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23 Chapters
246 Verified Questions
246 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Epithelium
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Sample Questions
Q1) The apical surface modifications of the cells lining the small intestine contain which of the following proteins?
A) Actin
B) Claudin
C) Elastin
D) Myosin
E) Occludin
Answer: A
Q2) What supportive structures are the most stable component of the cytoskeleton?
A) Actin filaments
B) Centrosomes
C) Intermediate filaments
D) Microtubules
E) Myosin filaments
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Epithelial Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Exocrine glands are derived from
A) Connective tissue
B) Endocrine glands
C) Epithelial tissue
D) Muscle tissue
E) Nervous tissue
Answer: C
Q2) Facilitated diffusion
A) Is another name for osmosis
B) Occurs against a concentration gradient
C) Occurs through pores in the phospholipid bilayer
D) Requires specialized proteins
E) Requires energy
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Cell Signaling
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Sample Questions
Q1) The binding of a ligand to a G protein--coupled receptor will result in activation of adenylyl cyclase, which in turn will initiate which of the following pathways?
A) Ca² -calmodulin
B) cAMP
C) cGMP
D) MAP kinase
E) Phospholipase C-Ca²
Answer: B
Q2) A secreted chemical messenger meant to act on an adjacent cell is called a(n)
A) Autocrine
B) Hormone
C) Neurohormone
D) Neurotransmitter
E) Paracrine
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Connective Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of interstitial, rather than appositional, chondrogenesis?
A) Chondroblasts differentiate within the chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium
B) Isogenous groups are formed by chondroblast mitosis
C) Interstitial chondrogenesis begins from undifferentiated cells
D) It results in an increase in the diameter or thickness of the cartilage
E) Spindle-shaped cells cluster together in the outer layer of the perichondrium
Q2) Osteons are defined by a central canal surrounded by _____ lamellae.
A) Calcified
B) Concentric
C) Inner circumferential
D) Interstitial
E) Outer circumferential
Q3) Which of the following cells is a type of macrophage?
A) Osteoblast
B) Osteoclast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteogenic cell
E) Osteoprogenitor cell
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6
Chapter 5: Osteogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the following statements about epiphyseal plates is correct EXCEPT
A) Appositional growth occurs on the epiphyseal side
B) Bone replaces cartilage on the diaphyseal side
C) Mitotically active chondrocytes are distributed throughout the zone of reserve cartilage
D) These chondrocytes are required for lengthening of long bones
E) They contain a portion of healthy hyaline cartilage
Q2) In bone remodeling, osteoclasts perform lamellar resorption just prior to
A) Maturation of osteoblasts into osteocytes
B) Mineralization of osteoid tissue
C) Osteoclast activation
D) Osteoclast to osteoblast reversal
E) Trapping of osteoblasts in bony matrix
Q3) The hormone calcitonin functions to
A) Decrease the rate of calcium absorption
B) Decrease the rate of calcium excretion
C) Increase the level of calcium ion in the blood
D) Stimulate both osteoblast and osteoclast activity
E) Stimulate osteoclast activity
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Blood and Hematopoiesis
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One major protein of plasma that is involved in blood clotting is
A) Albumin
B) Fibrinogen
C) Globulin
D) Immunoglobulin
E) Spectrin
Q2) Which of the following hematopoietic growth factors stimulates the production of eosinophils?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Flt3 ligand
C) Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
D) Stem cell factor
E) Thrombopoietin
Q3) Each of the following is a true statement about neutrophils EXCEPT
A) Their cytoplasm contains specific granules that contain major basic protein (MBP) crystals
B) They are bactericidal
C) They are capable of diapedesis
D) They make up approximately 65% of all white blood cells
E) They are active phagocytic cells
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Chapter 7: Muscle Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) The structure that serves as an attachment for thin filaments and demarcates the boundary between sarcomeres in skeletal muscle is the
A) A band
B) H zone
C) I band
D) M line
E) Z line
Q2) When comparing skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle structure
A) Cardiac muscle contains triads while skeletal muscle contains diads
B) Sarcomere structure in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are the same
C) Skeletal muscle thin filaments have actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; smooth muscle lacks troponin
D) Skeletal muscles consume more energy than cardiac muscle as a result of the abundance of mitochondria
E) T-tubule diameter in smooth muscle is smaller than in cardiac muscle
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9
Chapter 8: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interneurons are found
A) Only in the brain
B) Only in the central nervous system
C) Only in the peripheral nervous system
D) Only in the spinal cord
E) Throughout the nervous system
Q2) Cell bodies of which of the following type of neuron are found in dorsal root ganglia?
A) Central nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
C) Sensory
D) Somatic motor
E) Sympathetic
Q3) Which of the following surrounds individual neurons within a nerve?
A) Endoneurium
B) Endoplasmic reticulum
C) Epineurium
D) Myelin
E) Perineurium
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10
Chapter 9: Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) The muscle responsible for accommodation is found in the
A) Cornea
B) Inner tunica
C) Retina
D) Sclera
E) Uvea
Q2) When auditory vibrations enter the cochlear duct, the _____ membrane remains stationary, resulting in a shearing action of the vibrating hair cells, leading to the stimulation of the cochlear nerve
A) Basilar
B) Reissner's
C) Sacular
D) Tectorial
E) Tympanic
Q3) The photoreceptor neurons of the retina synapse on ____
A) Amacrine cells
B) Bipolar cells
C) Ganglion cells
D) Horizontal cells
E) Müller cells
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Chapter 10: Immune Lymphatic System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major histocompatibility complex
A) Activates B cells to produce specific antibodies
B) Differentiates into cytotoxic T cells upon re-exposure to a known pathogen
C) Helps T cells recognize antigens as nonself
D) Recognizes and kills viral cells by secreting perforin
E) Secretes interferon on contact with a virus
Q2) Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called
A) Antibodies
B) Antigens
C) Complement
D) Cytokines
E) Interferons
Q3) Helper T cells
A) Activate B cells to produce specific antibodies
B) Differentiate into cytotoxic T cells upon re-exposure to a known pathogen
C) Help T cells recognize antigens as nonself
D) Recognize and kill viral cells by secreting perforin
E) Secrete interferon upon contact with a virus
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of the stratum spinosum?
A) It contains immunity-conferring cells called Langerhans cells
B) It is also called the "spiny" layer
C) It is comprised mostly of keratinocytes
D) It is superficial to the stratum granulosum and the stratum germinativum
E) Keratins 5 and 14 are replaced by keratins 1 and 10 following basal keratinocyte migration
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of the hypodermis?
A) It contains muscles in the head and neck
B) It helps to insulate and cushion underlying tissue
C) It is considered to be the third layer of the skin
D) It is made up primarily of adipose and areolar tissue
E) It secures the cutaneous membrane to underlying tissue
Q3) Langerhans cells
A) Are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis
B) Are mechanoreceptor cells
C) Can be found within a cornified cell envelope
D) Have granules in their cytoplasm
E) Present antigens to T cells as part of the immune response
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pericytes are found in association with
A) Arterioles
B) Capillaries
C) Elastic arteries
D) Muscular arteries
E) Veins
Q2) ____ capillaries, found in the pancreas, are highly porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ____ capillaries, found in the muscles, consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass through them.
A) Continuous, fenestrated
B) Fenestrated, continuous
C) Fenestrated, sinusoidal
D) Sinusoidal, continuous
E) Sinusoidal, fenestrated
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14
Chapter 13: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which respiratory structure constitutes the last part of the conducting zone?
A) Alveolar ducts
B) Primary bronchi
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Secondary bronchi
E) Terminal bronchioles
Q2) Non-mucous secreting and non-ciliated dome-shaped cells with microvilli are found in the respiratory tract. These cells are detoxifying and secrete a component of surfactant. They are also capable of differentiation for tissue regeneration. Where are they located?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchi
C) Bronchioles
D) Laryngopharynx
E) Trachea
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15
Chapter 14: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each renal corpuscle receives blood directly from which of the following vessels?
A) Afferent arteriole
B) Arcuate artery
C) Efferent arteriole
D) Interlobar artery
E) Interlobular artery
Q2) After walking through the desert
A) Additional water is reabsorbed in the distal thick segment and collecting duct
B) Aldosterone increases the amount of water that moves through the renal tubule
C) Osmotic pressure in the renal tubule decreases
D) Urine is relatively dilute
E) Water is actively transported in the proximal thick segment
Q3) Structural support in the renal corpuscle is provided by the A) Basal lamina
B) Filtration slit diaphragms
C) Mesangium
D) Pedicles
E) Podocytes
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16
Chapter 15: Upper Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do the surface mucous cells of the stomach do?
A) They are regenerative
B) They help reabsorb vitamin B12
C) They secrete a substance that protects the stomach lining from acid
D) They secrete hydrochloric acid
E) They secrete into the base of the gastric pit
Q2) Which of the following structures has three poorly defined layers in the muscularis externa?
A) Esophagus
B) Large intestine
C) Small intestine
D) Stomach
E) The muscularis externa of all of the above structures has three layers
Q3) Which of the following is lined with a very thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and a very highly vascular underlying lamina propria?
A) Cutaneous region of the lips
B) Dorsal tongue
C) Oral mucosal region of the lips
D) Red region of the lips
E) Ventral tongue
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Chapter 16: Lower Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true of the crypts of Lieberkühn?
A) Their bases may contain Paneth cells
B) They are found between the intestinal villi
C) They are intestinal glands
D) They are simple tubular glands
E) They are unique to the small intestine
Q2) Which of the following are not mucosal specializations of the small intestine?
A) Peyer's patches
B) Villi
C) Plicae circulares
D) Microvilli
E) Rugae
Q3) Which of the following cell types is not found in the small intestine epithelium?
A) Enterocytes
B) Microfold cells
C) Paneth cells
D) Parietal cells
E) None of the above (all of the above cells are found in the small intestine epithelium)
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18
Chapter 17: Digestive Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not an accurate statement about salivary gland secretory acini?
A) Acini are surrounded by myoepithelial cells
B) Fused secretory cells form compound acini called serous demilunes
C) Mucous acini lumina have a spongy appearance
D) Serous acini secrete salivary amylase
E) Submandibular glands contain primarily mucous acini with serous demilunes
Q2) Sublingual glands
A) Are the largest salivary glands
B) Contain protein-rich granules
C) Contain serous but not mucous cells
D) Have a well-defined capsule
E) Have poorly developed intercalated ducts
Q3) Which of the following has a mucosa that is rich in mitochondria, absorbs sodium, and is lined with columnar epithelium?
A) Anterior dorsal tongue
B) Intercalated intralobular salivary ducts
C) Interlobular salivary ducts
D) Striated intralobular salivary ducts
E) Vermilion aspect of the lips
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Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which endocrine structure is composed of several cell types, including chromophobe cells, acidophils, and basophils?
A) Adrenal gland
B) Anterior pituitary
C) Parathyroid gland
D) Pineal gland
E) Posterior pituitary
Q2) Which of the following statements about the neurohypophysis is not true?
A) Contains glial-like cells called pituicytes
B) It synthesizes, stores, and secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
C) Its axons derive from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
D) Secretion of its hormones is controlled by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
E) The hypothalamohypophyseal tract runs through the infundibulum
Q3) Prolactin secretion is _____ by _____.
A) Inhibited dopamine
B) Inhibited somatostatin
C) Stimulated dopamine
D) Stimulated growth hormone-releasing hormone
E) Stimulated nerve impulse from the hypothalamus
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sodium and water retention in the kidney is stimulated by a hormone secreted by
A) Chromaffin cells
B) Islets of Langerhans
C) Zona fasciculata
D) Zona glomerulosa
E) Zona reticularis
Q2) Which endocrine structure secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A) Adenohypophysis
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Neurohypophysis
E) Thyroid gland
Q3) Adequate iodide levels are required for the synthesis of
A) Aldosterone
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
E) Thyroxine
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21
Chapter 20: Spermatogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells are found in the
A) Epididymides
B) Prostate
C) Rete testes
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Vas deferens
Q2) Which of the following is not true of Sertoli cells?
A) Their function is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone
B) They are found in testicular interstitial tissue
C) They prevent cytotoxic agents from moving to the seminiferous tubules from the blood by forming tight junctions with adjacent Sertoli cells
D) They provide mechanical support for spermatogenic cells
E) They provide nutrition for spermatogenic cells
Q3) During which phase of spermiogenesis does the manchette develop?
A) Acrosomal phase
B) Cap phase
C) Golgi phase
D) Maturation phase
E) Spermatid rotation phase
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Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following structures secretes the largest component of seminal fluid?
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Ductuli efferentes
C) Ductus epididymidis
D) Prostate gland
E) Seminal vesicle
Q2) Which duct has a characteristic wavy lumen as a result of different epithelial cell heights?
A) Ductuli efferentes
B) Ductus epididymidis
C) Rete testis
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Tubuli recti
Q3) Sperm move from the tubuli recti into the
A) Ductuli efferentes
B) Epididymidis
C) Rete testis
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Vas deferens
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Follicle Development and the Menstrual Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) The thick fibromuscular layer of the uterus is the A) Cervix
B) Cortex
C) Endometrium
D) Myometrium
E) Tunica albuginea
Q2) The inner layer of the uterus is called the A) Cervix
B) Endometrium
C) Germinal epithelium
D) Mesovarium
E) Myometrium
Q3) The layer of glycoproteins between the oocytes and granulosa cells is called the A) Corona radiata
B) Cumulus oophorus
C) Macula pellucida
D) Theca folliculus
E) Zona pellucida
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24
Chapter 23: Fertilization, Placentation, and Lactation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The opening of the uterus into the vagina is the _____.
A) Cervix
B) Infundibulum
C) Ovary
D) Oviduct
E) Uterine tube
Q2) What structure secretes estrogen and progesterone for approximately 3 months following fertilization?
A) Corpus albicans
B) Corpus luteum
C) Mature follicle
D) Placenta
E) Tunica albuginea
Q3) Which of the following statements about the trophoblast is false?
A) It develops into the embryo proper
B) It helps form the placenta
C) It invades the endometrium during implantation
D) It is the outer layer of cells around the blastula
E) It secretes human chorionic gonadotropiin
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