Demography of Aging
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Demography of Aging explores the patterns, causes, and consequences of population aging at both national and global levels. The course examines shifts in age structure, fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and migration, while considering the economic, social, and healthcare implications of an aging society. Students will analyze demographic data to understand trends in older populations and their impact on family structures, public policy, and resource allocation. Through interdisciplinary perspectives, the course incorporates issues of gender, race, and cultural diversity among aging populations, preparing students to critically assess challenges and opportunities related to demographic change.
Recommended Textbook
Aging and Society Canadian Perspectives 7th Edition by Mark Novak
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Chapter 1: Aging Today
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Q1) What did George (2006)find in a review of the literature on life satisfaction in old age?
A) Life satisfaction in old age increased.
B) Life satisfaction in old age decreased.
C) Life satisfaction in old age did not change.
D) Life satisfaction in old age remains high.
Answer: D
Q2) Helen is a worker in a retirement home.She uses elderspeak,and her clients do not like it when she uses this type of speech with them.What is elderspeak? List examples of elderspeak,and then explain the effects of elderspeak upon older individuals. Answer: Student Answer should include the following:"Elderspeak" is defined as a simplified speech like baby talk that some people use when they speak to older people.It stems from stereotyping older people as slow-witted. This form of speech uses few clauses,shorter phrases,more filler phrases (e.g.,"like," "you know"),words with fewer syllables,slower speech,and longer pauses.Elderspeak also includes the use of words like "dearie," "cutie," and "sweetie." Elderspeak has a negative effect on the older person; it creates low self-esteem,it reduces a person's ability to communicate effectively,it decreases the quality of interaction,and it reduces the older person's sense of control
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Chapter 2: Theories and Methods
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Q1) According to the text,what is still the dominant approach in most gerontological research?
A) focus groups
B) longitudinal studies
C) quantitative methods
D) observation
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is a strength of the feminist theory of aging?
A) It is congruent with most "mainstream" feminist theories.
B) It illustrates an ability to control for gender, and thereby focus on other social characteristics (such as race and social class).
C) It acknowledges the "feminization of aging."
D) It recognizes the importance of social structure and individual characteristics. Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Aging in Canada and the World Today
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Q1) Which of the following was a reason given in the text for the change in infant mortality rates between 1941 and 2008?
A) Declining breastfeeding practices in favour of formula and dietary supplements.
B) Outbreaks of resistant childhood diseases such as diphtheria and scarlet fever as medical research support went toward increased military spending.
C) Better prenatal care as awareness about its importance increased.
D) Advances in pediatrics that led to new procedures for treating distressed and premature deliveries.
Answer: C
Q2) What has McDaniel (1986)suggested regarding using dependency ratios to project into the future?
A) It promotes ageism and intergenerational conflict.
B) It provides the most accurate measure of the cost of the elderly to a society.
C) It neglects the importance of social policies on the dependence of the elderly.
D) It avoids demographic determinism.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Aging and Ethnicity
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Q1) As compared with their Canadian-born counterparts,what service do immigrant seniors rely on their family for more often?
A) transportation
B) access to healthcare
C) a local church or place of worship
D) learning English
Q2) An older Polish woman who immigrated to Canada experienced several challenges,such as being an ethnic minority,being female,and being at an advanced age.Which of the aging and ethnicity theories would apply to this woman's situation?
A) multiple jeopardy theory
B) life course perspective theory
C) ethnicity theory
D) buffering theory
Q3) According to the text,where do most Egyptians spend their later years of life?
A) living with their families
B) maintaining their independence
C) living in nursing homes
D) living in hospitals
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Chapter 5: Personal Health and Illness
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Q1) Which of the following scenarios can occur in the body as a result of cross-linking?
A) poor eyesight
B) decreased lung capacity
C) problems with digestive function
D) stiffened connective tissue
Q2) Lewis has developed brown liver spots on his hands and face.His wife tells him they are "age spots." What is the name of the fatty molecules in the skin that are responsible for causing these spots?
A) lipofuscin
B) T-cells
C) macrophages
D) free radicals
Q3) Lukas' eye doctor informed him that he suffers from an age-related eye disorder in which there is increased pressure within Lukas' eyes.What is the name of this condition?
A) macular degeneration
B) glaucoma
C) detached retina
D) cataracts
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Chapter 6: The Psychology of Aging and the Social Psychology of Aging
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Q1) The age stratification system acts to do which of the following?
A) filter historical events through a generation, altering the event's effects on the different age groups within the period
B) replace older cohorts in society with newer cohorts as its members age
C) ensure an even distribution of ages within a generation
D) introduce new values to society through the young, and acceptance of the new values as the young move into middle age
Q2) Studies of crystallized intelligence and aging show which of the following?
A) variations depending on the educational level of the subjects
B) stability and even increases with age
C) declines, highly correlated with functional decline, from the teen years on
D) no changes from approximately age 24 on
Q3) Which topic have psychologists in the field of aging spent more time studying than any other?
A) stress
B) memory
C) reaction time
D) dysphoria
Q4) Describe the life course perspective and its main principles.
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Chapter 7: Healthcare
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Q1) In part,why does Canada have such high healthcare costs?
A) because of the high costs of equipment
B) because of the large number of children being born
C) because of the relatively large older population
D) because of the high cost of qualified doctors
Q2) Which of the following best describes the current Canadian healthcare system?
A) It does not address issues related to symptom relief.
B) It emphasizes disease treatment, and minimally addresses health promotion and injury prevention.
C) It is controlled by physicians who lack training in other forms of healthcare.
D) It has a negative cost-benefit therapeutic index.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of health promotion?
A) consuming more fruits and vegetables in the diet
B) exercising to the point of exhaustion every day
C) recycling cardboard and glass and plastic
D) watching less TV and reading more books
Q4) What are the five basic principles of the Canadian healthcare system,as outlined in the Canada Health Act of 1984?
Q5) What challenges are currently being experienced by Canada's telehealth programs?
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Chapter 8: Finances and Economics
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Q1) What does portability mean as it refers to the CPP?
A) If the pensioner dies, the plan continues to pay to the spouse of the pensioner.
B) The plan moves with workers when they change jobs.
C) The plan moves with recipients if they leave the country.
D) Workers can choose to invest more than the required amount, thereby increasing the benefits they receive at retirement.
Q2) Adjustments made by the federal government to the income security system over the years include which of the following?
A) indexing the CPP against the Consumer Price Index
B) improving the OAS so that it is more of a means-tested plan
C) reducing clawbacks to ensure that poorer older people retain more of their benefits
D) increasing OAS benefits to older single women
Q3) The CPP locks in both workers' and employers' contributions.What is this called?
A) portability
B) actualization
C) vesting
D) pension security
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Chapter 9: Retirement and Work
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Q1) Your uncle used to work as an architect before he retired.He now has a part-time job as a security guard at the local zoo,and he's worked there for five years now,and is fortunate enough to have benefits.What is the term that describes this type of employment for once-retired older people?
A) senior career
B) encore career
C) second career
D) additional career
Q2) In 2009,what percentage of senior women belonged to the workforce?
A) 6%
B) 8%
C) 10%
D) 12%
Q3) Retirees today receive a share of the social product over and above what they may have contributed as wage earners.What does Myles (1984)call this?
A) the retirement principle
B) Post Retirement Earnings (PRE)
C) an incremental pension
D) a citizen's wage
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Chapter 10: Leisure, recreation, and Service
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Q1) Which of the following factors makes a significant difference in determining an older person's activity?
A) type of housing
B) intelligence quotient
C) health and life satisfaction
D) attitude towards retirement and cohort support
Q2) Compare and contrast the differences between contractors and expanders in terms of older people's leisure patterns.
Q3) According to research,which of the following shape leisure in retirement?
A) region, income, and social status
B) education and income
C) social status and age
D) income, health, and interest level
Q4) Hall (2006)found that what percentage of Canadians aged 65 and over reported doing volunteer work once a week or more?
A) 46%
B) 39%
C) 28%
D) 15%
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Chapter 11: Housing and Transportation
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Q1) Which of the following is the major drawback of a RAM?
A) Older people lose a large part of the RAM income when their spouse dies.
B) Older people lose CPP benefits and private pension benefits.
C) High interest rates raise bank payments and reduce the older person's income.
D) Older home-owners are locked into their house and cannot sell it in the future.
Q2) Parmelee and Lawton (1990)propose an updated version of the ecological model that redefines the dimensions of competence and environmental press to be which of the following,respectively?
A) individual ability and external demands
B) autonomy and security
C) intrinsic and extrinsic powers
D) traits and states
Q3) List at least five improvements that can be made to a senior's home that would allow him/her to stay in that home for a longer period of time.
Q4) More older Canadian women tend to live alone as they age.What three factors explain the trend toward women living independently?
Q5) Discuss the concept of supportive and/or enriched housing.
Q6) What is FlexHousing?
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Chapter 12: Family Life
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Q1) In Canada,about what percentage of men and women aged 15+ were married in 2006?
A) 25.6%
B) 48.5%
C) 80.7%
D) 90.3%
Q2) Interview(a)grandparent(s).At what age did he/she/they become (a)grandparent(s)? What are the advantages and disadvantages (if any)of being a grandparent?
Q3) According to Milan and Peters (2003),what percentage of Canadians 50 years of age and older in 2001 were in Living-Apart-Together relationships?
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 11%
D) 25%
Q4) What is shown by recent research to be a new approach to dating?
A) meeting a companion on an online dating service
B) meeting someone at church
C) meeting a companion at a school
D) meeting a companion on a social network site
Q5) Discuss the challenges that the LGBT community faces as it ages.
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Chapter 13: Social Support
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Q1) In a 2006 study by Russell,many men felt that "the locus of care work,the home,represented a location in which they became as invisible as the work they performed." What type of emotion did this situation bring about in many men?
A) an increased sense of social isolation
B) an increased sense of frustration
C) a decreased sense of self
D) a decreased sense of autonomy
Q2) Podnieks et al.(1990)found that some groups of elderly are at a higher risk for some types of abuse than others.For example,material abuse tended to be reported among people in which of the following groups?
A) those who live isolated lives and have poor health
B) those who belong to ethnic minorities that lack cultural prescriptions for old age
C) those who are married and have incomes below the poverty level
D) those who live in large institutions or urban centres
Q3) Explain the concepts of formal and informal social supports,and provide examples of each.
Q4) What is elder abuse? Define it,and explain the types of abuse that are experienced by older Canadians.
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Chapter 14: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Q1) A living will sets out which of the following?
A) the attorney's right to make financial decisions on a person's behalf
B) the doctor's right to terminate treatment
C) the ill person's right to his/her wishes at the end of life
D) the nurse's right to choose intensive and aggressive treatments
Q2) Marital ties persist after the loss of a spouse,exemplifying which of the following?
A) a primary indicator of abnormal grief adjustment.
B) the reason that some widows and widowers decide against remarriage after the death of a spouse
C) behaviour that is acceptable for older people but dysfunctional for younger people
D) a form of morbid grieving that should be treated if it becomes prolonged
Q3) Erikson's (1963)theory of ego development says that,in the last stage of life,a person reviews his/her life,ties up loose ends,and prepares for death.What does Erikson call this process?
A) the pre-generative stage
B) ego integrity
C) euthanasia
D) mortality recognition
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