Data Analysis in Social Science
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Data Analysis in Social Science offers students a comprehensive introduction to the concepts, methods, and tools used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data within the context of social science research. The course covers foundational topics such as data collection, data cleaning, statistical analysis, hypothesis testing, and interpretation of results. Students will gain practical experience with software tools commonly used in the field, such as Excel, SPSS, or R, and explore real-world datasets to understand trends, patterns, and relationships within social phenomena. Through hands-on projects and collaborative exercises, students will develop the ability to critically evaluate research findings, communicate data-driven insights, and apply analytical approaches to address complex social issues.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter
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Q1) What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing information to make the information more easily understood?
A) Analysis
B) Data
C) Interpretation
D) Statistics
Answer: D
Q2) What symbol is used for representing the mathematical operator "subtraction" when using Excel?
A) =
B) *
C) /
D) -
Answer: D
Q3) What is a sample?
Answer: A sample is a smaller subset of data taken from the larger population such as class of undergraduate students in the University.
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution?
A) variability
B) outliers
C) skew
D) percentile
Answer: B
Q2) The mode measures central tendency in terms of which of these?
A) the most common score
B) the most central case
C) the most important score
D) the most average case
Answer: A
Q3) Calculate the median of the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The median is 15
Q4) Calculate the median for the following data set: 5, 15, 10, 15, 5, 10, 10, 20, 25, 15
Answer: The median is 12.5
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Q1) In the formula for computing the range, what does the letter "h" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) lowest score
D) highest score
Answer: D
Q2) What is the most frequently used measure of variability?
A) mean deviation
B) range
C) variance
D) standard deviation
Answer: D
Q3) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The variance is 11.29
Q4) What is the formula for computing both the exclusive and inclusive ranges?
Answer: Exclusive range: r = h - l; Inclusive range: r = h - l + 1
Q5) What is the formula for the standard deviation?
Answer: \(s = \sqrt { \frac { \sum ( X - \bar { X } ) ^ { 2 } } { n - 1 } }\)
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Q1) When the left tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the right, what is this called?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q2) If the mean of a set of scores is greater than the median, what can be said about the distribution?
A) Negatively skewed
B) Positively skewed
C) Platykurtic
D) Leptokurtic
Q3) In order to create a histogram in Excel, you must identify the "bins" you want. To what are the bins referring?
A) Polygon
B) Tally marks
C) Histogram
D) Class interval
Q4) List the 10 ways to create great figures outlined in the text.
Q5) What is the definition of a cumulative frequency distribution?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Q1) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .81, what is the Pearson correlation coefficient?
A) .19
B) .34
C) .66
D) .90
Q2) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
Q3) If you wanted to compute the correlation between two nominal-level variables, which type of correlation should you use?
A) Point biserial
B) Phi
C) Spearman rank
D) Pearson
Q4) The correlation between variable X and variable Y is represented by which of the following?
A) R(xy)²
B) r??
C) r????
D) R?/?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Q1) If I can say that my weekly statistics quiz fairly assesses the material covered, what source of validity evidence should I have collected?
A) Criterion validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Concurrent validity
Q2) If the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent, you might conclude that the measure is which of the following?
A) Standard
B) Valid
C) Reliable
D) Concurrent
Q3) If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities, what type of validity evidence are you collecting?
A) Criterion validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Internal consistency
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Q1) Which of the following represents a directional research hypothesis?
A) \(H _ { 1 } : \bar { X } _ { 1 } > \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
B) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } = \mu _ { 2 }\)
C) \(H _ { 1 : } : \bar { X } _ { 2 } \neq \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } > \mu _ { 2 }\)
Q2) Which of the following provides a measure of how well your sample approximates the population?
A) Generalizability
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) Hypothesis
Q3) Which of the following refers to the group to which you wish to generalize your results?
A) Sample
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) General group
Q4) What are the different types of research hypotheses? What are they testing?
Q5) What are the basic criteria for judging the quality of hypotheses?
Q6) Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and a research hypothesis.
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Q1) What is the range of scores represented by a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10?
Q2) If you fold a normal curve, each half would fit perfectly on top of the other. This characteristic is known as _______________.
A) Mean, median, and mode
B) Symmetry
C) Asymptotic
D) Probability
Q3) Which of the following characteristics is associated with the "tails" of the normal curve?
A) Asymptotic
B) Symmetry
C) Probability
D) Bell-shaped
Q4) How many standard deviations are included in a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10?
Q5) Write the formula for calculating a z score.
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Q6) If the z score is -.5 in a distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what is the raw score?
Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Q1) If you want to examine the difference between the average scores of three unrelated groups, which of the following statistical techniques should you select?
A) Regression
B) t test for dependent samples
C) Analysis of variance
D) t test for independent samples
Q2) When reporting statistical significance, how is this usually represented?
A) p = .05
B) p > .05
C) p < .05
D) p = .01
Q3) What is the difference between the obtained value and the critical value?
Q4) Which of the following is a statement of equality?
A) Research hypothesis
B) Directional hypothesis
C) Nondirectional hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q5) What are the Greek letters associated with Type I and Type II error?
Q7) What is the formula for calculating power? Page 11
Q6) What is the definition for significance level?
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Q1) Write the formula used for computing the value for a one sample Z-Z-test and define each of the three components.
Q2) The symbol \(\bar { X }\) in the Z Test equation is defined as?
A) The range of data
B) The standard error
C) The mean of the sample
D) The standard deviation
Q3) Because these compare between two means to suggest whether both samples come from the same population the Z Test is similar to.
A) ANOVA
B) Chi-Test
C) F-Tests
D) T- Tests
Q4) If you have a sample of size 60 and a sample mean of 8.3 was selected from a population where ? = 1.2 (the standard deviation for the population), determine the interval for the population average (?) at the 95% confidence interval.
Q5) If n > 30, what should the distribution be?
Q6) What can be said about data points and Z Tests?
Q7) If the n is less than 30, what should the distribution be?
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Q1) How many observations are there for each case in a t test for dependent samples?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Q2) What Excel function requires that you enter the t value, degrees of freedom, and the number of tails?
A) TTEST
B) TEST2
C) TDIST
D) TDIST2
Q3) In the formula that computes a t value, what does n?D represent?
A) Sum of the difference between groups
B) Sum of the means for Group 1
C) Sum of the means for Group 2
D) Sum of the differences squared
Q4) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
Q5) What is the formula for calculating a t value for a dependent samples test?
Q6) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
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Chapter
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Q1) To compute the test statistic or t value you must first approximate the sample size through calculating the?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q2) To examine one group of subjects under two different conditions, which statistical technique should you select?
A) Regression
B) t test for dependent samples
C) Analysis of variance
D) t test for independent samples
Q3) What is the formula used to calculate degrees of freedom for a t test for dependent groups?
A) n - 1
B) n + n - 1
C) n - 1 + n
D) n + n
Q4) Given the following, what should you conclude? t???? = 2.001 and
15
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try
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Q1) Who is responsible for the invention of the F statistic?
A) Pearson Fisher
B) Karl Pearson
C) R. A. Fisher
D) R. A. Pearson
Q2) Which of the following is the same as t² when examining the difference between two groups?
A) F
B) t
C) Cohen's d
D) F²
Q3) What is the variability between groups due to?
A) Chance
B) The grouping factor
C) The F ratio
D) The levels of the dependent variable
Q4) What are the three different ANOVA options within the Analysis Toolpak?
Q5) When is analysis of variance the appropriate statistical procedure to use?
Q6) If the total sample size was 50 and three groups were examined, what is the within-groups degrees of freedom?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) When should factorial ANOVA be used in place of simple ANOVA?
Q2) If you wanted to examine whether the attitude toward learning differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) and level of parent involvement, what is the dependent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students' attitudes
C) Parents' attitudes
D) Level of parent involvement
Q3) When you are interested in finding out if students' achievement level changes over time as a result of a reading intervention, what type of ANOVA would you use?
A) Repeated measures
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q4) Describe what is meant by a mixed ANOVA design?
Q5) Create a 3 × 2 factorial design ANOVA.
Q6) What is a multivariate analysis of variance?
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Q7) What is the difference between ANOVA: Two-Factor with Replication and ANOVA: Two-Factor without Replication?
Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficient
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Q1) What is another term for a positive correlation?
A) Indirect
B) Nondirectional
C) Direct
D) Unidirectional
Q2) Which of the following is another use for correlation coefficients?
A) Testing mean differences
B) Testing causal relationships
C) Estimating reliability
D) Estimating power
Q3) In the formula for calculating degrees of freedom for a correlation coefficient, what does the n represent?
A) Sample size
B) Number of groups
C) Number of pairs
D) Population
Q4) What are the null and research hypotheses for testing a correlation coefficient?
Q5) If you are examining the relationship between variables (not the difference between groups) and only two variables are being used, what is the appropriate test statistic?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Q1) Which of the following symbols is associated with the independent variable in the regression equation?
A) X
B) Y
C) a
D) b
Q2) If the correlation between X and Y is equal to -1.0, what do we know about the prediction of Y by X?
Q3) Which of the following is the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis?
A) Intercept
B) Predicted score
C) Criterion score
D) Slope
Q4) Which of the following is the correct formula for linear regression?
A) X? = aY + b
B) Y? = aX + b
C) Y? = bX + a
D) X? = bY + a
Q5) What is the standard error of estimate? What does it allow us to examine?
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Chapter
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Which of the following is the correct formula for the one-sample chi-square?
A) \(Y = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
B) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
C) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
D) \(Y ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Fisher's exact
Q3) In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need?
A) 20
B) 30
C) 50
D) 100
Q4) How is a nonparametric test different from a parametric test?
Q5) What is a parametric test?
Page 20
Q6) Explain when you would want to use a one-sample chi-square?
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Q1) Which of the following examines data to see if a theoretical relationship is sustained?
A) repeated measures
B) covariance
C) path analysis
D) ANOVA
Q2) For which of the following procedures can you use the Excel Data Analysis Toolpak procedure ANOVA: Two Factor with Replication?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
Q3) Which Excel data analysis tool is applied to determine how more than one variable can predict another?
A) Correlation
B) Regression
C) Covariance
D) ANOVA
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