Data Analysis in Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Data Analysis in Psychology introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques used to analyze data within the field of psychological research. The course covers topics such as descriptive and inferential statistics, data visualization, hypothesis testing, and the use of statistical software. Students will gain hands-on experience with data sets commonly encountered in psychological studies, learn to interpret statistical results, and understand how to apply appropriate analytical methods to answer research questions. The course emphasizes critical thinking about data, the importance of ethical data handling, and how data analysis supports evidence-based conclusions in psychological science.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Q1) A _____ variable can theoretically include an infinite number of values between any two points.
A)nominal
B)discrete
C)continuous
D)none of these
Answer: C
Q2) Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.
Answer: Variables that can assume only a finite number of values or that have a finite number of values that can occur between any two points are called discrete variables.In contrast,a continuous variable can theoretically include an infinite number of values between any two points.
Q3) The real limits of a number are those points falling one measurement unit above and one measurement unit below that number.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) In Dr.Qui's study above the independent variable is____________________. Answer: gender
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Q1) If the relative frequency for the number of times students skip class per a semester is .10 then ____________________ percent miss class.
Answer: 10
Q2) An outlier is
A)a case that shows a very extreme score relative to the majority of cases.
B)a case that represents the score of the majority of cases.
C)always caused by a clerical error in data collection.
D)both a and c
E)both b and c
Answer: A
Q3) The horizontal dimension of a frequency histogram is called a(n)_____.
A)abscissa
B)Y axis
C)ordinate
D)frequency line
Answer: A
Q4) The y-axis is called the____________________.
Answer: Ordinate
Q5) The x-axis is called the____________________.
Answer: Abscissa
4
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Chapter 4: Percentiles percentile Ranks standard Scores
and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The median is the same as the____________________.
Q2) In general,observations are meaningful only in relation to other observations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why are standard scores more meaningful when they occur in a normal distribution?
Q4) Given a normal distribution of test scores with = 80,s<sup>2 </sup>= 49,what is the z score corresponding to a test score of 95?
A).31
B)-.31
C)2.14
D)-2.14
Q5) The percentile rank is ____________________.
Q6) In a normal distribution,approximately _____ of all scores fall between the standard scores of -1.96 and +196.
A)95%
B)75%
C)66%
D)50%
Q7) A standard score or Z-score of zero means____________________. Page 5
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the consequences of using the correlation coefficient to assess a curvilinear relationship between two variables?
Q2) The statistical technique of _____ can be used to identify a line that will fit the data points better than any other line,as determined by the _____.
A)correlation;least squares criterion
B)regression;least squares criterion
C)correlation;standard error of the estimate
D)regression;standard error of the estimate
Q3) When a correlation is perfect and positive,which of the following holds true?
A)r=1.00
B)r=.00
C)r=-1.00
D)both a and b
Q4) If the value of variables X and Y are inversely related,then as a score on X ____ the value of a score on Y ____.
A)decreases;decreases
B)increases;increases
C)increases;decreases
D)none of these
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) The _____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.
A)variance
B)standard deviation
C)interquartile range
D)range
Q2) A teacher wants to determine the mean score of students taking a newly developed test.Her students scored as follows: 40,45,60,65,70,70,70,80,90,100.Compute the mean for the class.
A)69
B)70
C)69.5
D)none of these
Q3) The variance is the
A)average of the deviations from the mean divided by N.
B)average of the squared deviations from the mean.
C)sum of the deviations from the mean divided by N.
D)sum of the squared deviations from the mean.
Q4) The mean for class A's exam was 76 and the SD is 4.The mean for class B's exam was 78 and the SD is 8.Class ____________________has more variance on the exam.
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In practice,it is _____ to compute the exact amount of sampling error that occurs.
A)unnecessary
B)difficult
C)impossible
D)relatively easy
Q2) A third implication of the central limit theorem is that the sampling distribution of the mean can be approximated by a binomial distribution when the sample size is sufficiently large.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In what way is the sample variance a biased estimator of the population variance and how do we correct for this bias?
Q4) The standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean is called the:
A)standard deviation estimate
B)standard error of the mean
C)sum of squared errors
D)none of these
Q5) What is an unbiased estimator?
Q6) What is sampling error?
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which characteristics of the t distribution influences its shape?
A)population mean
B)sample size
C)sample mean
D)size of confidence interval
Q2) In the Applications to the Analysis of Social Problems section of Chapter 8,the confidence intervals for the mean age at which mothers think parents should talk with children about sex and the confidence intervals for the mean age at which mothers think parents should talk with children about birth control were relatively narrow.What does this mean?
A)there is not a high level of confidence in these means
B)the means for these two variables lie in the rejection region
C)there are small amounts of sampling error
D)none of these
Q3) The probability for Type I error is equal to _____.
A).05
B)â
C)á
D)1-á
Q4) Which is more powerful--a directional or a nondirectional test?
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The likelihood of observing each of two events is referred to as a:
A)hypothesis
B)binomial probability
C)conditional probability
D)joint probability
Q2) In factorial notation,the expression 3! = (3)(2)(1)= 6.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Using the binomial expression to compute a probability requires ____.
A)a sequence of n independent trials
B)more than 2 outcomes
C)that the probability of success = .5
D)that the probability of failure = 0
Q4) What is the difference between a permutation and a combination?
Q5) In a population consisting of 60 males and 40 females,the probability of randomly selecting a male is:
A)6%
B).06
C).60
D)undefined
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) Statisticians may determine the effects of violating assumptions by A)using mathematical logic
B)conducting a Monte Carlo study
C)both of these D)none of these
Q2) Random assignment guarantees that the research groups will not differ beforehand on the dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When an experimental research strategy is used,inferences of causation can be made only when confounded variables are controlled.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One advantage of the between-subjects approach as compared with the within-subjects approach is that it is more economical in terms of the number of research participants.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
Q5) Distinguish between parametric and nonparametric statistics.
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T -Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the variability of scores in the populations is held constant,then increasing sample sizes results in _____ in the standard error of the difference.
A)no change
B)a decrease
C)an increase
D)all of these apply
Q2) Given the following information,find eta<sup>2</sup>.SS<sub>TOTAL </sub>= 653,SS<sub>ERROR </sub>= 405,SS<sub>EXPLAINED </sub>= 248.
A).38
B).61
C).62
D)653
Q3) The nature of the relationship in the independent groups t-test is determined by examining___.
Q4) Many properties of a sampling distribution of the mean do not hold for a sampling distribution of the difference between two independent means.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Q1) Within subjects designs have several advantages which include_____.
A)a smaller sample size is needed
B)a larger sample size is needed
C)less disturbance variables
D)Both a & c
E)none of these
Q2) If the sample size of a study is small and a high value of eta squared is observed,but there is no statistically significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable,we may conclude that ______.
A)a mistake has been made since you can't get a strong relationship when the t is nonsignificant
B)unless a larger sample is used we can't be certain about the effects of the independent variable
C)although the sample is small,the strong relationship indicates there is an effect due to the independent variable
D)the nonsignificant finding should be taken as conclusive evidence of no effect of the independent variable
Q3) Discuss the robustness of the correlated groups t test.
Q4) What are the assumptions of the correlated groups t test?
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Chapter 13: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The _____ is the component that differentiates the repeated measures design and the between-subjects design.
A)sum of squares within groups
B)sum of squares between groups
C)sum of squares across subjects
D)sum of squares error
Q2) A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of a physical activity program in motivating people to engage in physical activity on a long term basis.This researcher tests her participants physical activity levels at four time points: pretest,posttest,six month follow-up,and one year follow-up.Which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate for the analysis of the data?
A)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
B)two-way mixed model analysis of variance
C)correlated groups t test
D)independent groups t test
Q3) When a _____ design is used,it is not possible to estimate the effects of disturbance variables due to individual differences.
A)within-subjects
B)between-subjects
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) If everyone in the population has an å score of zero,then the variance of the å scores across individuals is also zero,and Y is a perfect linear function of X.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How is the strength of the relationship between two variables evaluated in a correlational analysis?
Q3) The measure of the strength of the relationship found using the Pearson correlation is _______.
A)r<sup>2</sup>
B)eta<sup>2</sup>
C)SS<sub>ERROR</sub>/ SS<sub>TOTAL</sub>
D)a and b
Q4) If we find a high correlation between variables X and Y,we can conclude _____.
A)X causes Y
B)Y causes X
C)X and Y have the same cause
D)X and Y systematically vary together
Q5) How is the nature of the relationship between two variables evaluated in a correlational analysis?
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The shape of the chi-square distribution depends on how many ____________________ are associated with it.
Q2) As degrees of freedom for the sampling distribution of the chi-square statistic decreases the sampling distribution becomes A)more platykurtic.
B)more skewed.
C)more leptokurtiC.
D)more normal in shape.
Q3) If the researcher suspects that the strength of the relationship between two variables in the population is .50 as indexed by Cramer's statistic,what sample size should she use in a study involving a 3 x 3 contingency table and an alpha level of .05 to achieve a power of .70?
A)7
B)19
C)22
D)28
Q4) Why is it necessary to conduct follow-up tests in a chi square analysis in order to determine the nature of the relationship?
Q5) What are the assumptions of the chi-square test?
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Chapter 16: Nonparametric Statistics
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Q1) The strength of the relationship following a statistically significant _____ can be analyzed using epsilon squared.
A)Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Spearman rank-order correlation
D)Mann-Whitney U test
E)Wilcoxon rank sum test
Q2) Under what conditions is the Spearman rank-order correlation used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q3) How are tied values dealt with when applying a nonparametric test?
Q4) Under what conditions is the Kruskal-Wallis test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q5) For the Wilcoxon signed-rank test,in order for the null hypothesis to be rejected,the observed value of T must be equal to or less than the critical value.
A)True
B)False
Q6) When the assumptions of a parametric test are violated,it is appropriate to use a ____________________ test for the data analysis
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Chapter 17: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The test of the null hypothesis for the main effect of factor A is made with reference to the F value derived from SS<sub>A</sub>/MS<sub>A</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q2) F(2,21)= 45.00,p< .05,with eta<sup>2</sup> = .18.
If this was an F statement for a main effect of factor A with 3 levels,what would need to be reported next in a research report?
A)The results of a Tukey HSD procedure
B)The results of a modified Bonferroni procedure
C)The results of a power analysis
D)The results of the group mean comparisons
Q3) What is one of the main advantages of the two-way between-subjects factorial design?
A)Participants participate in all groups.
B)The joint effect of two variables can be examined.
C)Sample size requirements are quite small.
D)Normally distributed data is not requireD.
Q4) What form does a main effect take in a two-way analysis of variance?
Q5) What is an interaction effect?
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Chapter 18: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Q1) The use of IPod's may induce hearing loss according to research conducted at Washington State University.They had a total of 500 subjects that were given IPods set a decibel (db)rate of either 0 (no sound),40db or 70db.After listening to the same music on the IPod's for 1 week each subject was given a hearing test.Researchers should use ____________________ to analyze the data.
Q2) The appropriate statistical methods for Case III situations are techniques called logistic regression and polychotomous logistic regression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The major factor to be weighed when deciding whether to use a parametric or a nonparametric test is the decision about what aspect of the _____ you want to compare groups on.
A)independent variable
B)distribution
C)sample
Q4) Under the correct circumstances a nonparametric tests can be as powerful as a parametric test.
A)True
B)False
Page 20
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