Data Analysis in Behavioral Sciences
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Data Analysis in Behavioral Sciences introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data in psychology and related fields. The course emphasizes the application of statistical methods to real-world behavioral research, covering topics such as descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and the interpretation of data using statistical software. Through hands-on exercises and case studies, students learn how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret data, developing critical skills necessary for designing studies, evaluating research findings, and making informed decisions based on empirical evidence within the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inferential statistics is used to determine if observations made in a sample are likely to also be observed in the population from which the sample was selected.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Researchers measure data in a ________ to learn more about individuals in the larger _______ of interest.
A)sample;population
B)statistic;inference
C)population;sample
D)inference;statistic
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following research designs is used to determine the causes of behavior that help to explain why the behavior occurs?
A)correlational
B)experimental
C)quasi-experimental
D)all of the above
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher summarizes a set of frequency data into five intervals.This is an example of a frequency distribution for A)ungrouped data
B)grouped data
C)inferential statistics
D)population parameters
Answer: A
Q2) The data should be ungrouped for the following data set: 6,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,9,9,9,6,6,6,8,and 7. ,
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The ________ is the percentage of scores with values that fall below a specified score in a distribution,is called the:
A)percentile rank
B)interval
C)relative frequency
D)percentile point
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following will decrease the value of the mean?
A)deleting a score below the mean
B)adding a score below the mean
C)adding a score exactly equal to the mean
D)none of the above
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher measures the following scores on a quiz: 0,3,7,3,5,4,and 6.In this example,the mean is larger than the median.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The mode is an appropriate measure of central tendency for
A)data that are bimodal
B)use with other measures of central tendency
C)data that are on a nominal scale
D)all of the above
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If all scores in a distribution are negative values,then the standard deviation will also be a negative value.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher computes the computational formula for SS,as finds that x = 22 and x<sup>2</sup> = 126.If this is a sample of 4 scores,then what would SS equal using the definitional formula?
A)4
B)5
C)104
D)not possible to know because the sample mean is not given
Q3) A researcher computes the definitional formula for SS,as finds that (x-M)= 44.If this is a sample of 12 scores,then what would the value of sample variance be using the computational formula?
A)3.7
B)4.0
C)44
D)not possible to know because the scores are not given
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Chapter 5: Probability
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher states that the probability of getting into an accident on a busy road is .09.Hence,the probability of getting into an accident twice on a busy road is .18.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The expected value of a random variable can be thought of as a "long-term" mean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) By definition,the probability of an outcome or event is
A)the proportion of times an outcome is likely to occur
B)the fraction of times an outcome is likely to occur
C)particularly useful for predicting the likelihood of random events
D)all of the above
Q4) Probability allows us to make predictions regarding:
A)random events
B)random outcomes
C)random variables
D)all of the above
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which proportion is largest in a z distribution?
A)The proportion of are above the mean.
B)The proportion of area between z = +1 and z = -1.
C)The proportion of area greater then z = 1.0.
D)The proportion of area lea than z = 0.
Q2) The mean can take on any value and the standard deviation can take on any positive value.Therefore,
A)scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean
B)extreme scores are possible in a normal distribution
C)there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions
D)this characteristic has no practical implication
Q3) A researcher wants to know the probability of selecting a student athlete from a school population where 5% of students are athletes.If the researcher selects a sample of 120 students,is it appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial distribution to estimate this probability?
A)Yes,because the sample size is large.
B)Yes,because nq is greater than 10.
C)No,because np is greater than 10.
D)No,because np is less than 10.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What values are distributed along the x-axis for a sampling distribution of the sample mean?
A)scores
B)sample means
C)sample variances
D)both B and C
Q2) A sampling distribution is a distribution of scores in a population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the central limit theorem?
A)It explains that sample means will vary minimally from the population mean.
B)It explains that a sampling distribution of possible sample means is approximately normally distributed,regardless of the shape of the distribution in the population.
C)It explains that if we select a sample at random,then on average we can expect the sample mean to equal the population mean.
D)all of the above
Q4) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher believes that increasing attention given to children will improve mean academic performance.Therefore,the alternative hypothesis should be:
A)mean academic performance will increase
B)mean academic performance will decrease
C)mean academic performance will not change
D)mean attention will increase
Q2) The one-sample z test is a hypothesis test used to test hypotheses
A)concerning a single population with a known variance
B)concerning at least one population
C)concerning the variance in a population
D)all of the above
Q3) Based on the effect size conventions,d = 0.18 is a
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
Q4) A Type III error is only possible for hypothesis tests where the rejection region is located in one tail.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If d = 0.28,then we conclude that mean scores in some population have shifted 0.28 standard deviations below the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ________ is an inferential statistic used to determine the number of standard deviations in a t distribution that a sample mean deviates from the mean value or mean difference stated in the null hypothesis.
A)t distribution
B)t statistic
C)standard error
D)degrees of freedom
Q3) An estimated Cohen's d is interpreted in terms of the number of standard deviations that an effect shifted in some population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As the degrees of freedom for a t test increase,the critical values for that test also increase.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) To increase the value of estimated Cohen's d,a researcher increases the sample size.Will this change the value of d?
A)Yes;as sample size increases,effect size increases.
B)No;as sample size increases,effect size decreases.
C)No;the sample size is not used to compute effect size.
D)Yes;as sample size increases,effect size decreases.
Q2) Which of the following is an assumption for computing the related samples t test?
A)The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B)The population variance of difference scores is unknown.
C)Samples are related or matched between groups,but not within groups.
D)all of the above
Q3) The degrees of freedom for the related samples t test is the number of difference scores minus one.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher computes d = .12,which is a small effect size.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of confidence intervals?
A)The less certain an estimate,the more precise the estimate.
B)The more certain an estimate,the less precise the estimate.
C)both A and B
Q2) If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ________ the confidence interval,then the decision would likely be to reject the null hypothesis.
A)inside
B)outside
Q3) A statistical procedure in which a sample statistic is used to estimate the value of an unknown population parameter is called
A)an educated guess
B)appropriation
C)estimation
D)significance testing
Q4) The larger the level of confidence,the ________ precise the interval estimate.
A)more
B)less
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13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a measure of proportion of variance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A)eta-squared
B)omega-squared
C)estimated Cohen's d
D)both A and B
Q2) While it is common to report the result of an ANOVA,researchers rarely report the results of a post hoc test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.What does this assumption mean?
A)that the population being sampled from is normally distributed B)that participants are randomly selected to participate in a sample C)that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected D)that one observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation
Q4) A "one-way" ANOVA is associated with one degree of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) We make two hypothesis tests using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA: one for the between-groups effect,and one for the within-groups effect.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher observes the same participants in each of five different settings.Which source of variation is the variability attributed to observing the same participants in all five settings?
A)between-groups variability
B)within-groups variability
C)between-persons variability
D)error variability
Q3) Computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when
A)different participants are assigned to each group
B)the same participants are observed across groups
C)the levels of one or more independent variables are manipulated
D)all of the above
Q4) Mean square error is the denominator for all one-way ANOVA tests.
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher groups college students in a study based on their year in college (freshman,sophomore,junior,senior)and the type of college they attend (junior,technical,university).He concludes that perceptions of academic cheating are more positive among freshman attending junior college.To reach this conclusion,which statistical test would need to be computed?
A)a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
B)a simple main effect test
C)a post hoc test
D)all of the above
Q2) A professor compares the exam grades of students based on whether they have a learning disability (yes,no)and where they sit in the classroom (in the front,middle,or back row).Different participants were observed in each group.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
A)one-way between-subjects ANOVA
B)one-way within-subjects ANOVA
C)two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both B and C
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Correlation
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation coefficient is used to measure the ________ and ________ of the linear relationship between two factors.
A)date;time
B)mean;variance
C)significance;effect size
D)strength;direction
Q2) The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to
A)the correlation coefficient
B)omega-squared
C)eta-squared
D)both B and C
Q3) Outliers can change both the direction and strength of a correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A positive correlation is always stronger than a negative correlation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The null hypothesis for a test of the relative contribution of two predictor variables is that adding one factor improves the prediction of variance in Y beyond that already predicted by the second factor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a step to evaluate the significance for the relative contribution of each factor:
A)Find r<sup>2</sup> for the "other" predictor variable
B)Complete the F table and make a decision
C)Identify SS accounted for by the predictor variable of interest
D)All of the above
Q3) The standard error of estimate provides an estimate of the standard distance that data points fall from the regression line.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parametric tests are often called distribution-free tests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To summarize the chi-square test,report the test statistic,the degrees of freedom,and the p value.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test is that observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Variance is not computed using the chi-square tests.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If a researcher computes a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 4 and n = 40,then the degrees of freedom for this test is 3.
A)True
B)False
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)one-sample t-test
B)two-independent sample t-test
C)related samples t-test
D)both A and C
Q2) Tests for ordinal data meaningfully convey information regarding ________.
A)variance
B)differences
C)both A and B
Q3) A researcher finds that the number of positive ranks is 13 and the number of negative ranks is 4 using a sample of 17 participants.Based on these data,what is the decision for a related samples sign test at a .05 level of significance?
A)Retain the null hypothesis.
B)Reject the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) Ordinal data indicate that one score is larger or smaller than another.
A)True
B)False
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