Culture and Society Question
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Course Introduction
Culture and Society explores the dynamic relationship between cultural practices, beliefs, and social structures. The course examines how culture shapes and is shaped by societal norms, institutions, identities, and power relations. Through the study of concepts such as values, symbols, rituals, and language, students gain insights into the ways culture influences everyday behavior, group interactions, and collective meanings. The course also considers the effects of globalization, media, and technology on cultural change and diversity, equipping students to analyze and engage with contemporary social issues from a critical and informed perspective.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology Appreciating Cultural Diversity 15th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how
A) archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples.
B) Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major.
C) archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory.
D) archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people.
E) training in the use of research skills for extreme environments-such as landfills and the deep sea-are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Indigenous cultures are at the mercy of the forces of globalization, as they can do nothing to stop threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Practice theory recognizes that the study of anthropology takes a lot of practice before resulting in accurate descriptions of a culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared?
A) Culture is an attribute of particular individuals.
B) Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups.
C) Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.
D) Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
E) Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Practice theory
A) focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in.
B) was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s.
C) is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the "culture-individual" problem.
D) actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier theoretical paradigms. E) explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies.
Answer: A
Q2) In survey research, a sample should
A) include the entire population in question.
B) include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer.
C) target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior. D) be constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population.
E) be invariant.
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) There is considerable debate today over whether or not governments should require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, to what extent this should be carried out. Pretend that you are an anthropologist who has been asked to provide guidance on this issue to a school board in a bilingual community. What can you suggest about the nature of ethnicity, language, and enculturation that will help educators address their challenges?
Q2) What is a disease?
A) a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected
B) an artificial product of biomedicine
C) a consequence of a foraging lifestyle
D) an unnatural state of health
E) a scientifically identified health threat
Q3) Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
A) promoting change, but not overinnovation.
B) preserving local systems while working to make them better.
C) respecting local traditions.
D) drawing models of development from indigenous practices.
E) developing strategies with little input from the local communities.
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Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf?
A) the interaction of thought on surface structure
B) the influence of language on thought
C) the influence of deep structure on surface structure
D) the influence of deep structure on semantic domains
E) the influence of culture on language
Q2) Animal call systems exhibit linguistic productivity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are honorifics? Why are sociolinguists interested in their use in context? In your everyday life, do you ever use honorifics? What does their use, or lack of use, imply about your relationships to others?
Q4) In this chapter, an alternative to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that cultural changes lead to changes in language.
A)True
B)False
Q5) All languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than racial categories in Brazil.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status?
A) ethnicities
B) captive nations
C) nations
D) nationalities
E) ethnic avengers
Q3) An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world indicates that A) all cultures classify races similarly.
B) the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process.
C) classifying racial types can best be done by considering only phenotypic traits.
D) classifying racial types can best be done by considering only the genotype involved.
E) the best classification of racial types considers genotype as well as phenotype.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Making a Living
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Q1) What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.
Q2) Which of the following statements about potlatching is NOT true?
A) Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting.
B) Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior.
C) Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value.
D) Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal.
E) Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America.
Q3) Who are peasants?
A) people who ignore social norms of behavior
B) small farmers who own their own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities
C) rural people who produce food for their own subsistence but also sell their surpluses
D) anyone who lives in the country
E) anyone who falls below the poverty line
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Chapter 8: Political Systems
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Q1) Modern foragers are not Stone Age relics, living fossils, lost tribes, or noble savages. Still, to the extent that foraging has been the basis of their subsistence, contemporary and recent hunter-gatherers
A) are the closest we can come to studying true human nature.
B) illustrate links between a foraging economy and the emergence of social stratification.
C) suggest that the most basic motive driving human survival is the need for power.
D) can illustrate links between a foraging economy and other aspects of society and culture, such as their sociopolitical organization.
E) illustrate the social precursors to hegemony.
Q2) The anthropological approach to the study of political systems and organization is global and comparative and includes nonstates as well as the states and nation-states usually studied by political scientists.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How does one distinguish between a chiefdom and a state? Is this a useful distinction? Is it always easy to make such a distinction?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that
A) the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities-relative strength, endurance, intelligence, and so on.
B) women are subservient in nearly all societies, because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men.
C) foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes toward sex but different attitudes toward gender.
D) changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy.
E) the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.
Q2) The traditional gender roles of the Betsileo of Madagascar illustrate the idea that intensive cultivation does not necessarily entail sharper gender stratification.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) What kind of kinship is most common in the contemporary United States?
A) matrilateral kinship
B) bilateral kinship
C) patrilateral kinship
D) collateral kinship
E) generational kinship
Q2) In what kinds of situations would you expect to find ambilineal descent? Unilineal descent? Why?
Q3) With patrilineal descent, someone takes his or her father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) This chapter offers a brief overview of kinship-related demographic changes in the United States and Canada. How have kinship arrangements changed? How do these changes relate to other cultural changes? Do you find any of the current trends surprising? If so, why?
Q5) In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through only one line of descent.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Marriage
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Q1) Discuss some of the social functions of levirate and sororate marriage and bridewealth, and identify the sociocultural context of these customs.
Q2) In the caste system of India, failure to adhere to class endogamy rules traditionally resulted in a ritually impure marriage.
A)True B)False
Q3) Almost all cases of bridewealth are associated with patrilineal, patrilocal systems. Why? If there were such a thing as groom price, where would you expect to find it? Why? Why do we not find groom service ethnographically?
Q4) A new view of early human origins suggests that the emergence of a pair bond between male and female would have allowed humans to recognize their relatives. A)True B)False
Q5) Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?
Q6) Polyandry is common and practiced under a wide range of conditions. A)True B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) What did Handsome Lake lead in about 1800 among the Iroquois?
A) a shamanistic cult
B) a revitalization movement
C) an animistic-residualist front
D) a structuralist movement
E) a cargo cult
Q2) Protestant values such as asceticism and entrepreneurship as a result of the belief that success on earth could lead to salvation, and a fervent individualism due to the belief that only individuals could be saved lead, in the right conditions, to the rise of capitalism. Who made this argument?
A) Claude Lévi-Strauss in his famous book The Savage Mind (1962, 1966)
B) Robert Bellah
C) Anthony F. C. Wallace in his attempt to show religion's relevance in understanding historical change
D) Sir Edward Burnett Tylor
E) Max Weber in his influential book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904, 1958)
Q3) Much religious and ritual behavior is adaptive. Can you think of cases in which it is not? What does it mean for religion to be maladaptive?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) Because music is a cultural universal and musical abilities seem to run in families,
A) everybody, regardless of culture, loves to dance.
B) it is possible to use musical abilities as a biological marker for human races.
C) it has been suggested that music is a concept of a social fiction.
D) anthropologists should investigate the connection between music and formerly misunderstood kinship arrangements.
E) it has been suggested that the predisposition for music may have a genetic basis.
Q2) Music is one of the most social kinds of artistic expression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In general, folk art is much less symbolic than the artistic expression of full-time artists.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What role do the arts play as collective expressions of cultural identities? Is art conservative or liberal? Does art promote change or inhibit it?
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Chapter 14: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) This chapter's "Focus on Globalization" discusses outsourcing jobs to countries outside the United States. What is an outcome of this outsourcing?
A) decreased profits for U.S. corporations
B) an increase in union membership within the U.S.
C) corporations realizing the importance of workers' rights
D) fewer jobs in the U.S., as they are replaced by machines and outsourced jobs
E) more incentives for illegal immigration
Q2) Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is the world stratification system related to the structural positions within the world capitalist economy? What about the modern stratification system within the United States?
Q4) Mass production has led to critical consumption as people are forced to make careful decisions regarding what is needed and what is excess.
A)True
B)False
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16
Chapter 15: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identities are not fixed; they are fluid and multiple. People seize on particular, sometimes competing, self-labels and identities, depending on context.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ethnoecology is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions-that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How can the perspective of an ethnographer, who carries out research at the local level of communities, contribute to large-scale environmental concerns such as climate change and deforestation?
Q4) Radiative forcings work to warm and cool the earth. If these didn't exist, there would be no global warming.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the difference between postmodernity and postmodernism? How has postmodernity affected the units of anthropological study?
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