Cultural Sociology Study Guide
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Course Introduction
Cultural Sociology explores the ways in which culture shapes and is shaped by social life, focusing on symbols, rituals, beliefs, and practices within societies. This course examines the role of culture in identity formation, power relations, group dynamics, and social change. Students will analyze how meaning is constructed and communicated through various cultural forms such as art, media, language, and everyday practices. Through case studies and theoretical frameworks, the course encourages critical reflection on the intersection between culture and social structures, and how cultural processes influence issues like inequality, globalization, and collective memory.
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Sociology Your Compass for a New World 5th Canadian Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: A Sociological Compass
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Q1) What is the functionalist term for the disruptive impact that social structures can sometimes have on a group of people?
A)social disequilibrium
B)manifest function
C)latent function
D)dysfunction
Answer: D
Q2) Soon-Li believes that society should change for the better by equalizing privileges between the wealthy and the poor.Which theoretical tradition is she most likely following?
A)conflict theory
B)symbolic interactionism
C)feminist theory
D)functionalism
Answer: A
Q3) According to Gramsci, cultural hegemony benefits all members of society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: How Sociologists Do Research
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Q1) When is participant observation research most useful?
A)when results of an earlier study need to be confirmed
B)when the research is guided by a well-developed theory
C)when the researcher is studying a closed group
D)when the researcher has a good idea about what might be discovered
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following terms refers to the list of all the people in a population of interest?
A)a voluntary response sample
B)a representative sample
C)a full population
D)a sampling frame
Answer: D
Q3) Life is meaningful for humans because of which level of experience?
A)the abstract level
B)the traditional level
C)the concrete level
D)the sensate level
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Explain what is controversial about multiculturalism.
Answer: Multiculturalism is controversial because it challenges traditional notions of national identity and cultural homogeneity. Some people argue that multiculturalism can lead to social fragmentation and the erosion of national unity, as it encourages the preservation of distinct cultural identities within a society. Others believe that multiculturalism promotes diversity and inclusivity, and that it enriches society by allowing different cultures to coexist and interact. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for cultural clashes and conflicts, as well as debates about the extent to which multiculturalism should be accommodated within existing social and political structures. Overall, the controversy surrounding multiculturalism stems from differing perspectives on the value of cultural diversity and the implications for social cohesion and national identity.
Q2) Cow worship in India seems irrational to most Canadians.What is this typical Canadian perspective an example of?
A)ethnocentrism
B)cultural dissonance
C)culture shock
D)cultural lag
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best characterizes cyber-bullying?
A)It is harmless.
B)It is harmful.
C)It is common among the elderly, but not the young.
D)It is common among women, but not men.
Q2) Research has shown that teachers can influence the outcome of tests by telling randomly assigned students that they are going to do well on those tests.What does this example illustrate?
A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)status conflict
C)role conflict
D)hidden curriculum
Q3) Globalization and a variety of technological advances have made the self more flexible than it used to be.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the roles of each of the agents of socialization in the development of a culturally appropriate, well-socialized individual.
Q5) What is "taking the role of the other"?
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction
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Q1) What does Charles Derber's research conclude about conversations among North Americans?
A)They subtly try to steer conversations toward others.
B)They subtly try to steer conversations toward themselves.
C)They aggressively try to steer conversations toward others.
D)They aggressively try to steer conversations toward themselves.
Q2) Sociological theory of emotions was initially developed by generalizing from the behaviour of which demographic category?
A)children
B)the elderly
C)women
D)men
Q3) According to the textbook, which of the following people is most likely to be the one who laughs more in a conversation?
A)Alice, a 20-year-old woman, in conversation with Robert, a 30-year-old man
B)Robert, a 30-year-old man, in conversation with Alice, a 20-year-old woman
C)a child, in conversation with an adult
D)an adult, in conversation with a child
Q4) How do norms, roles, and statuses influence social interaction?
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Chapter 6: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies
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Q1) Which type of society first brought widespread social inequality with it?
A)pedestrian foraging society
B)horticultural society
C)aquatic foraging society
D)agricultural society
Q2) People who share a similar status but are not aware of any shared identity are defined as which of the following?
A)a social category
B)a social group
C)a dyad
D)a triad
Q3) Which type of group agrees on basic social norms and the statuses and roles each other will play but does not have these things formally defined in writing?
A)a dominant group
B)a primary group
C)a secondary group
D)a social category
Q4) Why do many gang members commit criminal acts?
Q5) Define norms of solidarity and give examples.
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Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) Define white-collar crime and give an example of it.
Q2) What does the research on racialization demonstrate with regard to police searches of vehicles?
A)Police are particularly suspicious of black people who are successful by conventional cultural standards.
B)Police are especially suspicious of poor South Asian youth who drive expensive vehicles.
C)Police are particularly suspicious of well-to-do white people who drive expensive vehicles.
D)Police are particularly suspicious of poor, uneducated white people.
Q3) According to conflict theories, people who engage in which of the following activities are most likely to be criminalized?
A)anti-globalization protests
B)insider trading
C)cutting corners regarding worker safety
D)bribing politicians
Q4) What causes the high incarceration rate of Aboriginals in Canada? What policies would you suggest to decrease it?
Q5) Is there a universal definition of deviance? Why or why not?
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification
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Q1) What conclusion did Richard Wanner come to in his research on the relative importance of parental socioeconomic status and education for the SES of Canadians?
A)The link between family background and socioeconomic success is stronger than before.
B)The link between family background and socioeconomic success remains as strong as always.
C)The link between family background and socioeconomic success has weakened.
D)There is no longer any link between family background and socioeconomic success.
Q2) Compare absolute and relative definitions of poverty.Which do you prefer and why?
Q3) Why are Marilyn and Peter able to buy so much more for their family today than a family in the 1950s would have?
A)because money is worth more now
B)because inflation is lower now than in the 1950s
C)because Marilyn and Peter both work for pay
D)because economic productivity decreased while workers' skills increased
Q4) What factors influence the level of rewards one is able to derive from work?
Q5) Define "the culture of poverty" and main objections to this explanation.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Globalization, Inequality, and Development
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Q1) Among the world's richest nations, how can Canada's contribution to development aid be characterized?
A)Canada is meeting the target set by the United Nations, alongside five other nations.
B)Canada is the only nation to meet the target set by the United Nations.
C)Canada is falling short of the target set by the United Nations by contributing less than half of what is required.
D)Canada is the only nation to fall short of the target.
Q2) In a class discussion about the homogenizing effects of globalization, Freja points out that even in multinational chain stores and restaurants there are locally influenced differences in products and services.What concept is she supporting?
A)McDonaldization
B)glocalization
C)imperialism
D)regionalization
Q3) Modernization theory has strong intellectual ties to conflict theory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does technological progress contribute to globalization? Give examples.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Alisha is studying the process of identity formation among second-generation immigrants.Which of the following sociological theories would best help her analyze the way people negotiate identity?
A)theory of internal colonialism
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionism
D)split labour market theory
Q2) Which of the following does the title Two Solitudes refer to?
A)Africans and Europeans
B)Europeans and Aboriginals
C)the French and the English
D)immigrants and the Canadian-born
Q3) Why were Québécois worried that the French-Canadian population would decline beginning in the 1970s?
A)because replacement-level fertility was not occurring in Québec
B)because life expectancy was declining in Québec
C)because mortality rates had increased in Québec
D)because many Québécois were emigrating to other countries
Q4) Explain what happened to the Beothuk of Newfoundland and Labrador, and why.
Q5) Summarize the theory of split labour market.Give an example.
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Chapter 11: Sexualities and Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jocelyne is a personal assistant to the CEO of a large Canadian bank.Her company completes an equal-pay study and Jocelyne receives a raise.What is the most likely reason for this?
A)Her work is highly stressful.
B)Her work is unhealthy.
C)She needs higher pay to support her children.
D)She needs higher pay to continue her education.
Q2) How does gender ideology shape gender identity? Illustrate your answer using your own experience.
Q3) Why do many parents socialize their sons and daughters differently? What are the social consequences of these patterns for the children later in their lives?
Q4) Which of the following theorists would be the least likely to acknowledge that a person's gender identity may change during their lifetime?
A)a symbolic interactionist
B)a conflict theorist
C)a feminist
D)a functionalist
Q5) Compare the terms transgendered and transsexual.
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Chapter 12: Sociology of the Body: Disability, Aging, and Death
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the concept of the body project and discuss, incorporating examples from your personal experiences.
Q2) Societies in which the oldest citizens rule, earn the highest incomes, and enjoy the most prestige are called gerontocracies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is revealed about the textbook's authors in their assertion that dying and death are the ultimate social problems?
A)their fear of death
B)their lack of knowledge about the processes of dying
C)their denial of death as liberating
D)their cultural biases
Q4) H.G.Wells's story of Nuñez is noteworthy because it makes what we consider a disability seem normal.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss some of the possible policy proposals to deal with the potential crisis in government support for the elderly.
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Chapter 13: Work and the Economy
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Q1) Liz is a civil engineer working for the municipality.She earns $80 000 per year, has a full benefits package, and often works outside the office, travelling and liaising with contractors at job sites.What type of job would the authors of the textbook argue she has?
A)a positive job
B)an industry job
C)a good job
D)a market job
Q2) More likely than not, deskilling is taking place in the old economy-for instance, assembly-line manufacturing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the name for what is formed by Rogers Wireless, Bell Mobility, and Telus Mobility together?
A)a hydra-corporation
B)an oligopoly
C)a conglomerate
D)an interlocking directorate
Q4) What are the differences between the primary and secondary labour market?
Q5) Discuss the major revolutions in the form and nature of the economy.
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Chapter 14: Politics
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Q1) A father tells his nine-year-old daughter that she is unable to leave her room for the rest of the day because she misbehaved.She immediately leaves her room anyway and the father returns her to her room and locks the door.What is the father demonstrating in this situation?
A)parental authority
B)social control
C)corporal punishment
D)force
Q2) The Canadian electoral system is based on the British "first-past-the-post" model.Explain how this model works, and discuss why it is a problematic system for Canada.
Q3) What is "the state" and how much influence does it have over the lives of Canadians?
Q4) Which of the following is a major dynamic in contemporary Canadian politics?
A)ethnicity
B)gender
C)region
D)class
Q5) In what ways are authority and legitimacy related?
Q6) What are the social preconditions of democracy?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Families
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Q1) Calliope and George are excited because Calliope's sister has offered to be implanted with Calliope and George's frozen embryos and carry the baby to term, surrendering the baby to them after birth.What is this method of reproduction called?
A)parthenogenesis
B)artificial insemination
C)in vitro fertilization
D)surrogate motherhood
Q2) According to Friedrich Engels, the only way to end gender inequality is to abolish religion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Canadian trends in cohabitation rates indicate that cohabitation is replacing marriage in which of the following provinces?
A)Alberta
B)British Columbia
C)Ontario
D)Quebec
Q4) What did Friedrich Engels conclude about gender, family inequality, and society?
Q5) Identify the main changes made to Canadian divorce law in recent decades.
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Q1) In which of the following churches do women comprise one-third of ordained ministers?
A)the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
B)the Promise Keepers
C)the United Church of Canada
D)the Anabaptist Church
Q2) What is the future of religion in Canada?
Q3) What does the expression "religion is the opium of the people" mean?
A)Once people are committed to a religion, they cannot escape.
B)The satisfaction derived from participation in religion is intense.
C)The real effect of religion is due to the euphoric feeling it produces.
D)Religion calms people into accepting their fate on earth.
Q4) Edna is almost 85 years old and has had three heart surgeries.In terms of her connection to religion, what would sociologists predict?
A)She would experience increased connection as she gets closer to dying.
B)She would experience decreased connection as she gets closer to dying.
C)She would experience the same level of connection as she had throughout her life.
D)She would experience no connection as she becomes more cynical.
Q5) What is the collective conscience?
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Chapter 17: Education
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Q1) Why do IQ and school tests often fail to accurately measure intelligence?
A)because they fail to account for differences in cultural capital
B)because they are part of an increasingly professionalized curriculum
C)because they are designed to deceive test-takers, so they do not really measure "intelligence"
D)because they are biased according to dominant cultural values and experiences
Q2) According to the textbook, which of the following is one rationale for grade inflation?
A)the current generation's technological prowess
B)the sense of entitlement the current generation possesses
C)the fact that the current generation of professors were not trained as rigorously as the current generation of students
D)the fact that professors award grades today based on competence in extracurricular activities and on leadership skills
Q3) What is "concerted cultivation" (Lareau) and how does this impact an individual's educational attainment?
Q4) Describe the Flynn effect.
Q5) Give a conflict account of education, along with a critique of that account.
Q6) How did literacy lead to mass schooling?
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Chapter 18: Mass Media and Mass Communication
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Q1) Approximately what percentage of their time do Canadians spend interacting with various media today?
A)20 percent
B)30 percent
C)40 percent
D)50 percent
Q2) Which of the following terms is used to signify the fact that humans now live in a world dominated by mass media?
A)the Internet era
B)the global village
C)the electronic connection
D)the World Wide Web
Q3) What do we call information that is transmitted from a single source to a large impersonal audience?
A)remote communication
B)indirect communication
C)disconnected media
D)mass media
Q4) Explain the influence of the printing press.
Q5) What are mass media?
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Chapter 19: Health and Medicine
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Q1) In earlier eras, how was deviant behaviour usually viewed?
A)as evil
B)as acceptable
C)as a sickness
D)as normal
Q2) Even among people who have the same access to medical resources, people of higher social rank and prestige tend to live healthier lives.Why is this so?
A)People of higher social rank experience more activity, which keeps them from focusing on problems.
B)People of higher social rank experience less stress because they are more in control of their lives.
C)People of higher social rank are more valued by all social classes.
D)People of higher rank have more time to relax and enjoy life.
Q3) Which of the following is most likely to intervene in issues such as drug addiction and alcoholism?
A)the church
B)the medical profession
C)the government
D)communities
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Chapter 20: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) What did the government of Kerala, India, lower in order to solve its overpopulation problem?
A)the level of class inequality
B)the level of gender inequality
C)the level of ethnic inequality
D)the level of age inequality
Q2) Members of Heritage Front, a white supremacist organization, are angry about their perception that that non-white immigrants are taking over large portions of the city they live in.Which process of human ecology theory do their beliefs reflect?
A)differentiation
B)ecological succession
C)concentric zones
D)competition
Q3) Until a few decades ago, what did sociologists believe was the primary cause of population growth?
A)industrialization
B)social inequality
C)capitalism
D)natural forces
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Chapter 21: Collective Action and Social Movements
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Q1) What were the introductions of the Canada Assistance Plan and Employment Insurance in Canada part of?
A)political citizenship
B)civil citizenship
C)social citizenship
D)universal citizenship
Q2) Just prior to a strike by union employees on a university campus, union members spend a lot of money on pamphlets stating why students have the same interests as the soon-to-be-striking employees and why they should support them.What do the union's actions illustrate?
A)impression management
B)frame alignment
C)public relations
D)strategic marketing
Q3) Sociologists call Gustave Le Bon's argument the contagion theory of crowd behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how frame alignment differs from resource mobilization and political opportunity theories.
Page 23
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Chapter 22: Technology and the Global Environment
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Q1) What causes acid rain?
Q2) What do we call the tendency of powerful people to put marginalized people in harm's way?
A)toxic prejudice
B)environmental racism
C)socio-ecological insensitivity
D)discrimination degradation
Q3) Who is responsible for the creation of most technological innovations? Is this a beneficial arrangement for most of humanity?
Q4) What do Canadian surveys on environmental issues demonstrate about the Canadian public?
A)They are clearly cognizant of the issues.
B)They feel hopeless in the face of environmental problems.
C)They believe that governments should pass more protectionist laws.
D)They are willing to pay significantly higher taxes to protect the environment.
Q5) What did Michael Faraday discover?
A)electromagnetism
B)the megalosaurus
C)gamma ray bursts
D)recombinant DNA
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