Cultural Psychology
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Course Introduction
Cultural Psychology explores how cultural contexts shape, influence, and interact with human behavior, cognition, and emotion. The course examines key theories and research methodologies used to study psychological processes across diverse cultures and emphasizes the role of societal values, traditions, and socialization practices in shaping identity, perception, development, and interpersonal relationships. Through comparative case studies and empirical findings, students gain insight into how culture and psychology are intertwined, fostering critical thinking about the universality and variability of psychological phenomena across the globe.
Recommended Textbook Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by David Matsumoto
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) _____ are evaluations of things occurring in ongoing thoughts about those things,or stored in memory.
A)Attitudes
B)Worldviews
C)Beliefs
D)Norms
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding language is correct?
A)Nonhuman animals have the ability to symbolize their physical and metaphysical world.
B)Some nonhuman animals can create sounds representing symbols (morphemes).
C)Some nonhuman animals can construct sentences.
D)Syntax and grammar are unique to humans.
Answer: D
Q3) _____ refers to the biological differences between men and women.
A)Personality
B)Race
C)Sex
D)Culture
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) _____ are studies that compare cultures on some psychological variable of interest,often with the hypothesis that one culture will have significantly higher scores on the variable than the other(s).
A)International research comparisons
B)Cross-cultural comparisons
C)Indigenous cultural studies
D)Linkage studies
Answer: B
Q2) In order to ensure cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the measure used,studies should be conducted to test the reliability and validity of measures in different cultures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Sophisticated statistical techniques and elegant research designs are effective at "salvaging" studies that are lacking in novelty or insight.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of a developmental niche?
A)It is a useful framework to understand socialization but not enculturation.
B)It focuses on the development of parents rather than their children.
C)It focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures a child's immediate microsystems.
D)It includes five major components that influence a developing child.
Answer: C
Q2) According to the study conducted by Smith and his colleagues,girls and boys defined bullying in very similar ways.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is one of the five domains emphasized by Grusec & Davidov (2010)in their domain-specific approach to understanding parent-child socialization?
A)Power
B)Prestige
C)Achievement
D)Protection
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the context of differences in infant temperaments across cultures,parents in Western cultures value the harmony that is maintained through emotional restraint and emphasize and reinforce quiet behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.
A) preconventional;postconventional
B) preconventional;conventional
C) conventional;postconventional
D) postconventional;transgressional
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Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) Matsumoto et al.(1996)administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students and classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists.They reported that:
A)less than 30% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
B)over 70% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
C)over 30% of the Japanese respondents were classified as collectivists.
D)less than 50% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
Q2) Triandis suggested that individuals sampled the same self-construals regardless of the specific context in which they were.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Markus and Kitayama contrasted the _____ construal of self as an independent,separate entity against a _____ construal of self more common in collectivistic cultures.
A)personal;composite
B)Western or individualistic;composite
C)Western or individualistic;generic
D)non-Western;generic
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Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) In the context of control across cultures,people in _____ pretend as if they are not acting as an agent even though in reality they are doing so.
A)indirect control
B)direct control
C)proxy control
D)collective control
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a personality dimension of the five-factor model?
A)Conscientiousness
B)Introversion
C)Neuroticism
D)Agreeableness
Q3) In the context of psychological anthropology,a national character refers to:
A)the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.
B)the belief of a nation that every culture has its own significance and therefore needs to be preserved.
C)a condition or system in which two or more states,groups,principles,or sources of authority coexist.
D)the perception that each culture has a modal personality type,and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) _____ differences between men and women are probably the platform by which decisions concerning a division of labor were made in our evolutionary history.
A)Social
B)Cultural
C)Psychological
D)Biological
Q2) Which of the following terms refers to a gender identity that involves endorsement of both male and female characteristics?
A)Transgender
B)Machismo
C)Androgyny
D)Ambivalence
Q3) The term _____ generally refers to the physical characteristics and differences between men and women.
A)sex
B)gender
C)sex role
D)gender role
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9
Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) _____ is a constellation of lay beliefs about the nature of the world.It is characterized by the doctrine of the mean,or the belief that the truth is always somewhere in the middle.
A)Lay compromise
B)Dialectical thinking
C)Lay dialectivism
D)Naïve dialectivism
Q2) According to Stigler and Baranes,math skills are logically constructed on the basis of abstract cognitive structures,and not forged out of a combination of previously acquired knowledge and skills,and cultural input.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true in the context of culture and memory?
A)Memory abilities remain constant with age.
B)Cultural differences in memory as a function of oral tradition may be limited to meaningful material.
C)Individuals from nonliterate societies have vastly inferior memory skills compared to Westerners.
D)Memory abilities improve with age among Japanese and Koreans.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) One important aspect of basic emotions is that they are universally expressed,but they are not universally recognized.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the neurocultural theory of emotional expression,facial expressions of emotion are under the dual influence of universal,biologically innate factors and culturally specific,learned display rules.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the context of cross-cultural studies on emotion appraisal processes,which of the following universal underlying psychological themes is most likely to elicit the emotion of disgust?
A)Loss of loved one or object
B)Goal obstruction
C)Contamination
D)Threat to physical or psychological well-being
Q4) Humans and nonhuman primates have completely different sets of emotions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) Which of the following is a true statement about intercultural and intracultural communication?
A)Intracultural communication is often more uncertain and ambiguous than intercultural communication.
B)Lower anxiety and stress are associated with intercultural communication situations and not with intracultural communication situations.
C)Intracultural communication is marked by a greater potential for conflict than is intercultural communication.
D)Cultural differences in nonverbal behavior make intercultural interactions and communications more difficult than intracultural communications.
Q2) Semantics refers to:
A)the arrangement of words.
B)what words mean.
C)how words sound in a given social context.
D)the system of rules governing how words should sound.
Q3) Gaze is often used as a nonverbal sign of respect.
A)True
B)False
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12
Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) According to MacLachlan (1997),a type of balance,common in theories of disease in many Latin American cultures,concentrates on _____.
A)hot and cold
B)masculine and feminine energies
C)negative and positive energies
D)good and evil
Q2) Many studies have pointed to profound and traumatic large-scale _____ as a key determinant of suicidal behavior,such as forced migration of an entire cultural group and eradication of cultural heritage,practices,and language.
A)organizational changes
B)sociocultural changes
C)economic changes
D)physiological changes
Q3) Because different cultural ways of living both punish and replenish the body,they are associated with different risk factors and rates for different disease processes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following refers to a viewpoint that suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in the cultural framework within which they occur?
A)Cultural fit hypothesis
B)Cultural relativism
C)Cultural syndromes
D)Cultural display rules
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of Latah,a cultural syndrome of distress?
A)It is characterized by an extreme startle response,echolalia,trancelike behavior,or other inappropriate,uncontrollable behavior.
B)It is an altered state of consciousness observed among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel.
C)It is seen in Cambodia and is recognized as symptoms based on cultural trauma that is distinct from PTSD.
D)It is characterized by the extreme fear that one's genitals are shrinking or retracting into the body,causing death,observed among males in Malaysia.
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14
Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following is true of Dwairy's (2009)work with Arab-Muslim clients in the context of cultural variations and their effect on psychotherapy used?
A)She encourages individuals to express verbally their private emotions.
B)She focuses on a person's relation to his or her family.
C)She encourages individuals to engage in self-reflection.
D)She specifically urges clients to be in touch with their inner selves.
Q2) In China,Taoist and Confucian principles are embedded in psychotherapy techniques.One study found that _____ was more effective in the long term in reducing anxiety disorders than treating the patient with medications.
A)Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy
B)Chinese Taoist and Confucian therapy
C)Chinese traditional psychotherapy
D)Confucian cognitive therapy
Q3) Pranic healing is based on the principle that healing is possible by increasing the flow of "universal life energy" on the unhealthy part of the physical body.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of stereotypes?
A)Stereotypes based on some degree of factual observation are called sociotypes.
B)Stereotypes cannot be perpetuated without direct observation of the behaviors of others.
C)People cannot have stereotypes about their own group.
D)Positive stereotypes are relatively easy to develop due to cultural factors.
Q2) Which of the following best describes self-serving bias?
A)It refers to the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.
B)It refers to the tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personality.
C)It refers to bias toward inferences about a person's disposition even in the presence of very obvious situational constraints.
D)It refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.
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16
Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Q1) Two characteristics of leaderships that were universally endorsed in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Project were _____.
A) creativity and positive attitude
B) communication and commitment
C) charisma and team orientation
D) task orientation and initiative
Q2) _____ can be defined as a meaning and information system shared within an organization and transmitted across successive generations of members,which allows the organization to survive and potentially thrive.
A) Organizational culture
B) Organizational climate
C) Organizational commitment
D) Organizational behavior
Q3) _____ refers to a shared perception of organizational policies,practices,and procedures,and how people feel about them.
A) Oligarchy
B) Groupthink
C) Organizational culture
D) Organizational climate
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Page 17