Cultural Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Cultural Psychology explores how cultural contexts shape and influence human behavior, thought processes, and emotions. This course examines the dynamic relationships between culture and psychological phenomena, highlighting the ways in which individuals cultural backgrounds impact perceptions of the self, motivation, cognitive processes, communication styles, and well-being. Through comparative analysis and critical discussion, students gain insight into cross-cultural differences and similarities, the role of cultural identity, and the implications for global citizenship in a multicultural world. The course encourages reflection on ones own cultural assumptions and fosters skills for engaging effectively and respectfully across diverse cultural settings.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 3rd Edition by
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Page 2
Roy F. Baumeister
Chapter 1: The Mission and the Method
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215 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would constitute the BEST random sample of a university population?
A) The residents who live in the dorms, which represents 70% of the university population
B) The students who take classes during the day, which represents 85% of the university population
C) The students whose names were drawn from a list of all students enrolled in classes, a sample representing 30% of the university population
D) The students attending a popular athletic event, which represents 10% of the university population
Answer: C
Q2) Although sociologists and social psychologists are both interested in group behavior, sociologists tend to focus on ____, whereas social psychologists tend to focus on ____.
A) individual members within the group; the group as a single unit
B) the group as a single unit; individual members within the group
C) how groups are unique; how various groups are similar to one another
D) how various groups are similar to one another; how groups are unique
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Culture and Nature
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text, which of the following makes us most human?
A) The size of our brain size relative to our body size
B) The fact that we walk upright
C) The fact that we communicate by talking
D) The degree to which our life is enmeshed with culture
Answer: D
Q2) Recall Solomon Asch's famous line-judging studies. In these studies, research subjects were asked to make judgments about unambiguous stimuli. They were asked to do this while in the presence of confederates who consistently gave incorrect responses. According to the textbook, one of the important conclusions to be drawn from Asch's research is that ____.
A) people look to authority figures for information-rather than to the environment
B) people look to authority figures for information-rather than to one another
C) people look to the environment for information-rather than to one another
D) people look to one another for information-rather than to the environment
Answer: D
Q3) When people have a problem or need, they most often look to ____________________ for help.
Answer: other people
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Self
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180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) As discussed in the text, Chinese officials successfully "brainwashed" American prisoners during the Korean War, such that the prisoners' self-concepts and identities were changed. The authors note that one of the main reasons the Chinese were successful was that they ____.
A) told the Americans that they were actually Chinese
B) put the American prisoners in complete solitary confinement
C) separated the American prisoners from one another
D) told the Americans that they would never return to the U.S.
Answer: C
Q2) There is a moderately strong relationship between IQ and self-esteem; people with higher IQs tend to have higher self-esteem.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Doing an activity for its own sake involves ____.
A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) self-handicapping
D) narcissism
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Choices and Actions: The Self in Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) As discussed in the text, when purchasing a car, people end up paying a bit more attention than intended to choices such as color and engine size, and a bit less attention than intended on information such as the chances of fatalities should there be an accident with the car. This pattern can be taken as evidence for ____.
A) the status quo bias
B) the certainty effect
C) risk aversion
D) the Zeigarnik effect
Q2) Suicide often ____.
A) involves an automatic-versus-deliberate conflict
B) fits the now-versus-future trade-off pattern
C) involves the goals-versus-intention dilemma
D) fits a temporal-versus-certainty cycle
Q3) According to ____________________ theory, most people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation.
Q4) Both reactance theory and self-determination suggest that a sense of ____________________ is important to people, and that they will strive to achieve it.
Q5) How are habits related to the different processing systems humans use?
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Chapter 5: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recall the "Castro study" conducted by Jones and Harris. In this study, participants were asked to read an essay that was supposedly written by another student. The essay was always about Castro, but it was either pro-Castro or anti-Castro. Also, participants were told either (a) that the essay-writer got to choose which side to take (pro- or anti-), or (b) that the essay-writer was ASSIGNED to one side or the other. The researchers found that ____.
A) participants made the fundamental attribution error-but only for the pro-Castro essays
B) participants made the fundamental attribution error-but only for the anti-Castro essays
C) participants made the fundamental attribution error for both types of essays
D) participants only made the fundamental attribution error when they themselves had strong views about Castro
Q2) Social psychologists call how information is presented to others ____________________, while politicians call it ____________________.
Q3) There are a number of heuristics, errors, and biases upon which people routinely rely that suggest that they are not naturally skilled at making estimates of statistical probabilities. Identify and discuss at least three of these.
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Chapter 6: Emotion and Affect
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on the so-called "hedonic treadmill" has shown that both state lottery winners and paralysis victims ____, although paralysis victims ____.
A) "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness more quickly than might be expected; do not recover as quickly
B) "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness more quickly than might be expected; actually recover even more quickly
C) take longer to "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness than might be expected; take an especially long time to recover
D) take longer to "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness than might be expected; actually recover more quickly
Q2) Briefly compare and contrast the three major theories of how emotion works: the James-Lange theory, the Cannon-Bard theory, and the Schachter-Singer theory (as well as its attendant notion of misattribution of arousal).
Q3) Describe how the arousal associated with emotion influences performance.
Q4) Explain the difference between the following terms: emotion, mood, and affect. Why do scientists NOT use them interchangeably?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to cognitive dissonance theory, if Selena has just volunteered to give a presentation to her classmates about the importance of practicing safe sex at all times, then-at least in the immediate future-what best describes her likely behavior?
A) She will be more likely to practice safe sex herself.
B) She will be more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important.
C) She will be more likely to practice safe sex herself AND more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important.
D) She will NOT be more likely to practice safe sex herself and will NOT be more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important.
Q2) The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if Greg likes Tom and Tom likes Ximena, then Greg must also like Ximena.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Social Influence and Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Advertisers and marketers use the term ____________________ to refer to a condition of inattention and irritation that occurs after an audience has encountered a specific ad many times.
Q2) Research suggests that there are two main things that make a source credible:
A) trustworthiness and likeability
B) likeability and expertise
C) expertise and trustworthiness
D) similarity and expertise
Q3) Describe the major results from Hovland's research program on persuasion.
Q4) To avoid advertisement wear-out, one should use ____.
A) credible sources
B) convert communicators
C) repetition-with-variation
D) the pique technique
Q5) Which of the following is a social influence technique based on reciprocation?
A) The labeling technique
B) The pique technique
C) The door-in-the-face technique
D) The foot-in-the-door technique
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Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are driving to school and notice that there is an injured dog lying on the side of the road-presumably the victim of a hit-and-run. You are in a very busy part of town, however, so you decide that your help probably isn't needed (someone else will attend to the dog and call for help, if they haven't already). Social psychologists would say that ____ prevented you from helping in this case.
A) belief in a just world
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) the Good Samaritan effect
D) the commons dilemma
Q2) Research on gender and helping indicates that male helpers tend to ____, and that female helpers tend to ____.
A) help males more than females; help females more than males
B) help males and females equally; help females more than males
C) help females more than males; do the same
D) help females more than males; help males more than females
Q3) The three alternative hypotheses to the empathy-altruism hypothesis are the empathy-specific reward hypothesis, empathy-specific punishment hypothesis, and the ____________________.
Q4) ____________________ is going along with the crowd.
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Chapter 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on domestic violence indicates that being an abusive spouse is ____ to being an abusive parent, and that being a victim of child abuse is ____ to being an abusive parent in adulthood.
A) related; related
B) related; unrelated
C) unrelated; related
D) unrelated; unrelated
Q2) Research indicates that weak self-control is a ____ predictor of crime in general, but a better predictor of ____ than of ____.
A) very weak; violent crime; nonviolent crime
B) very weak; nonviolent crime; violent crime
C) very strong; violent crime; nonviolent crime
D) very strong; nonviolent crime; violent crime
Q3) Which of the following has been associated with high levels of aggression?
A) Low levels of serotonin
B) High levels of serotonin
C) Low levels of dopamine
D) High levels of dopamine
Q4) What are the characteristics of people who frequently swear?
Q5) Instinct theories argue that aggression is ____________________.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Attraction and Exclusion
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188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to social psychological research, which of the following adages is truer, "opposites attract" or "birds of a feather flock together"?
A) "Opposites attract."
B) "Birds of a feather flock together."
C) "Opposites attract" when it comes to romantic relationships, but "birds of a feather flock together" when it comes to friendships.
D) "Opposites attract" when it comes to friendships, but "birds of a feather flock together" when it comes to romantic relationships.
Q2) The need to belong drives people to ___.
A) associate with others (only)
B) associate with others and commit to relationships (only)
C) associate with others, commit to relationships, and stay in relationships
D) stay in relationships (only)
Q3) In general, doing favors for people is a good way to promote liking.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Rejecting someone's romantic interest in you is likely to make you feel
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, the double standard for women versus men, in terms of sexual behavior, is supported more by ____, and is ____ than most people expect.
A) men than women; stronger
B) men than women; weaker
C) women than men; stronger
D) women than men; weaker
Q2) Paternity uncertainty has been suggested as an explanation for the ____.
A) increasing rate of extradyadic sex within the U.S.
B) tendency for males to have greater erotic plasticity than females
C) existence of homosexuality
D) suppression of female sexuality
Q3) Regarding oneself as a reasonably good person "as is" is known as ____.
A) self-love
B) self-acceptance
C) narcissism
D) erotic plasticity
Q4) Compare and contrast perspectives on male and female sexuality derived from social constructionist theories, evolutionary theory, and social exchange theory.
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Q5) Regarding yourself as a good person "as is" is known as
Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
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176 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, when do anti-fat attitudes begin?
A) Anti-fat attitudes appear to be innate, or inborn.
B) Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as preschool.
C) Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as ages 7-8.
D) Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as adolescence (ages 11 and on).
Q2) According to the text, at present, the most likely explanation for people's attitudes against lesbians and homosexuals are rooted in ____.
A) an innate, inborn aversion to these groups
B) a lack of familiarity with these groups
C) a sense of being in competition with these groups
D) a fear that they themselves will be the recipients of unwanted romantic or sexual advances from these groups
Q3) Research on inoculation against the stereotype threat was conducted on ____.
A) African Americans
B) women
C) older adults
D) homosexuals
Q4) To what degree are stereotypes accurate?
Q5) Explain what stereotype threat is, and how it affects performance.
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Chapter 14: Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how role differentiation satisfies two competing needs for humans as cultural animals.
Q2) Legitimizing myths are explanations that are used to account for ____.
A) inequalities in power (e.g., ethnic disparities in the US)
B) random acts of violence and terror (e.g., the terrorist attacks of 9/11)
C) natural wonders and mysteries (e.g., the existence of the universe)
D) personal failures or defeats (e.g., why you slept through class)
Q3) ____ is a form of creative thinking in groups, using a procedure in which all group members are encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible.
A) T-grouping
B) Brainstorming
C) Open ideation
D) The commons dilemma
Q4) Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to concern about how others are evaluating your performance.
A) self-monitoring
B) evaluation apprehension
C) social evaluation
D) self-referencing
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) In consumer psychology, the term shrinkage refers to ____.
A) the tendency for consumers to devalue products once they own them
B) the tendency for consumers to overanalyze, and over-justify, their purchases
C) the tendency for consumers to devalue products that they consider but don't end up buying
D) a company's loss of money or inventory as a result of shoplifting or employee theft
Q2) People tend to buy more expensive wine when a restaurant offers valet parking as opposed to when it doesn't. This is an example of consumers being influenced via ____.
A) unconscious thought processes
B) central route processing
C) what Maslow would call physiological needs
D) polychronic activity
Q3) Research indicates that credit card debt is most related to ____.
A) impulsive buying
B) general self-destructiveness
C) a tendency to feel generally out of control
D) time orientation
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cognitive appraisal model of stress developed by Lazarus suggests that, when people encounter potentially stressful situations, they make both primary appraisals and secondary appraisals. Primary appraisals concern ____.
A) whether a situation is positive or negative
B) whether a situation is relevant to oneself
C) whether one has resources to effectively cope with a situation
D) whether a situation is temporary or long-term
Q2) People who experience ____ show a disease-prone personality.
A) low levels of anxiety
B) long-term negative feelings
C) high self-esteem
D) chronic positive affect
Q3) Most researchers contend that the best way to know when a person is stressed is to
A) see how their body responds to a given situation
B) take an inventory of recent life changes that they have experienced
C) simply ask them
D) measure their blood pressure
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18
Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process organizations use to identify potential employees for a job is ____.
A) job analysis
B) organizational socialization
C) recruitment
D) performance review
Q2) If an employee compares how much effort he puts in at work and feels undercompensated for that effort, he may reduce his effort in the future, according to ____.
A) job satisfaction theory
B) equity theory
C) transformational leadership theory
D) ONET theory
Q3) Organizational culture is ____ than organizational climate.
A) more stable
B) less stable
C) more important to managers
D) less important to managers
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Applying Social Psychology to the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following, which personality trait is most predictive of whether people are lenient versus punitive in jury trial voting?
A) Introversion/extroversion
B) Authoritarianism
C) Self-monitoring
D) Need for closure
Q2) Which of the following best summarizes current thinking on "recovered memories"?
A) This is a complicated topic, involving numerous tradeoffs, about which there are few clear answers.
B) "Recovered memories" are real, though the criminal justice system has been slow to acknowledge their legitimacy.
C) There does not appear to be any legitimacy to the notion of "recovered memories"-despite the commonality with which they allegedly occurred in the 1980's and 1990's.
D) "Recovered memories" are now widely recognized by both psychologists and the criminal justice system as being real and legitimate.
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Chapter 19: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Confronting people with the inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors is a strategy for promoting behavior change known as ____.
A) scarcity manipulation
B) cognitive control
C) hypocrisy induction
D) the one-person trap
Q2) A high-context culture is ____ than a low-context culture.
A) more territorial
B) less territorial
C) less tied to nature
D) more concerned about security
Q3) Suppose that you are a ninth grade teacher, and you are trying to get your students to conserve more water and energy in their daily lives. Which of the following approaches is likely to be most successful?
A) Educate them about the need for conservation.
B) Make use of prompts, or reminders, at times when they tend to be wasteful.
C) Tell them that you conserve energy and water.
D) Have them make public commitments to their peers that they will be less wasteful.
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