Cultural Anthropology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Cultural Anthropology explores the diverse ways humans perceive, experience, and make sense of the world, focusing on patterns of belief, behavior, and social organization across different societies. The course investigates key concepts such as kinship, language, religion, economy, gender, and power, emphasizing the comparative study of cultures and the importance of ethnographic methods for understanding human diversity. Students will critically examine cultural practices, question common assumptions, and reflect on how globalization and historical processes shape cultural interactions and identities today.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 1st Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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14 Chapters
900 Verified Questions
900 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research that compares multiple communities to examine links between them is referred to as
A) cross-linked.
B) multisited.
C) globalized.
D) bilocational.
Answer: B
Q2) Prehistoric archaeologists use material remains in order to reconstruct A) human behavior.
B) written records.
C) garbage dumps.
D) burial sites.
Answer: A
Q3) William Rathje's garbage study to analyze the behavior of residents of Tucson,Arizona,is an example of A) classical archaeology.
B) ethnographic fieldwork.
C) garbology.
D) historic archaeology.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selecting a marriage partner is a complex process.In some societies,the choice of the partner is decided by the parents,but the characteristics of the partner that endear him or her to us are ours alone and would draw on our personal A) beliefs.
B) social norms.
C) values.
D) sense of meaning.
Answer: C
Q2) The notion of a culture of consumerism is distinct from the concept of culture more generally.Do you think that the culture of consumerism affects culture more generally in some way,and if so,how? What are some benefits and drawbacks of the culture of consumerism in society today? Do you think it will affect the future of societies,and if so,in what explicit ways?
Answer: Students should offer an opinion regarding the effects of consumerism on culture in general,providing at least one concrete example that substantiates the opinion.They should discuss at least two benefits and two drawbacks of the culture of consumerism.Students should end with a solid argument that consumerism either will or will not affect the future,providing at least two examples to substantiate the argument.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was Nancy Scheper-Hughes's role in Alto do Cruzeiro when she first arrived there?
A) social science research assistant
B) part of Doctors without Borders
C) Peace Corps volunteer
D) elementary school teacher
Answer: C
Q2) Margaret Mead's talent for blending fieldwork with dynamic writing about gender roles provided her with the authority and opportunity to become an important ________ anthropologist.
A) synchronic
B) experimental
C) evolutionary
D) public
Answer: D
Q3) Explain how ethnographers can explore global phenomena by conducting fieldwork at the local level.
Answer: As we extend our analysis as anthropologists,we try to see how local lives compare to others and fit into larger human patterns and global contexts.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language
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63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The effort to introduce Ebonics,which is a formalization of Black English,into the Oakland Unified School District in 1996 was met with considerable resistance.Critics predicted the erosion of Standard English and corresponding loss of national identity.As a nation of immigrants,the idea of a national identity has been part of how Americans cope with the influx of immigrants,and the willingness and ability to adopt the language of the United States has figured into this process.African American schoolchildren in the Oakland School District were struggling to succeed in school when Ebonics was introduced,which was one of the reasons for the Ebonics effort.Discuss why critics might have felt that Black English posed a threat to both identity and why it might or might not have contributed to changes in outcome for children,black and white.What is Ebonics,and why did it matter to speakers and critics alike? What role did identity play in this controversy? What were some of the other factors that drove both the controversy and the outcome?
Q2) Worldwide,the language most widely spoken by native speakers is
A) Hindi.
B) Chinese.
C) Arabic.
D) English.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term refers to laws implemented after the U.S.Civil War to legally enforce segregation,particularly in the South,after the end of slavery?
A) caste
B) discrimination
C) Jim Crow
D) "darky"
Q2) A Saint Bernard and a Chihuahua are of the same species but look very different.It is possible to breed the two and get a puppy that might look like something else entirely but still be a dog.Why might dogs be of interest to an anthropologist?
A) It could help resolve the question of race.
B) It could help us understand the nature of ethnicity.
C) It could help us better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
D) It provides a vital platform for the study of DNA.
Q3) Explain how and why the "one drop rule" was traditionally used to determine race in American culture.
Q4) Explain what is meant by the concept of "white privilege."
Q5) Explain how European colonial expansion gave rise to race and racism.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text,what ended five hundred years of peace between Bosnian Muslims,Catholic Croats,and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?
A) ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
B) religious beliefs
C) ethnic rivalries
D) colonial interference
Q2) Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed,self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change through what process?
A) situational negotiation of identity
B) rationalization of self
C) naturalization of identity
D) ethnodetermination
E) ethnic cleansing
Q3) Define ethnic cleansing and genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.
Q4) In a brief essay,identify three ways that various immigrants from India have created a new and unique Indian American identity in the United States.Is this assimilation or multiculturalism,and why?
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8
Chapter 7: Gender
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Going out on a date can mean many things.As a man,you might bring flowers,offer to foot the bill,and open a door.As a woman,you might demur to a choice of restaurants,offer to split the tab,and offer soft thanks.From an anthropological perspective,this constitutes
A) the performance of stereotypes.
B) obeying social norms.
C) the performance of gender.
D) a particular type of gendered ritual.
Q2) The way in which individuals act out the behaviors associated with "masculine" and "feminine" is called gender
A) stratification.
B) performance.
C) dimorphism.
D) practice.
Q3) The notion of appropriate male behavior in Mexico is changing,in part because more women are entering the paid workforce.Thinking like an anthropologist,consider how you would structure your fieldwork to explore this phenomenon.Be scientific and explain whether your research will be qualitative or quantitative and why,how you will prepare,what your hypothesis will be,and what strategies you will use.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Sexuality
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mati may engage in sexual relationships with A) men.
B) women.
C) only other mati.
D) men and women.
Q2) The work of Mignon Moore describes the experiences of lesbian African American women.These women often struggle in their lives because they must
A) choose whether to remain loyal to their race.
B) choose from several different identities of race,class,and sexuality.
C) choose whether to be openly lesbian.
D) skirt legal challenges to their sexual identity.
Q3) How did sexology contribute to establishing heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal in the United States? Despite his findings that human sexuality is marked by diversity,flexibility,and fluidity,in what two ways did Kinsey's research contribute to the establishment of heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal? Do you think this ideal remains in U.S.culture today? Why or why not?
Q4) Define sexuality and,using a minimum of three examples from the text,describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cousins who are children of a father's brother or a mother's sister are considered which type of cousin?
A) second cousins
B) affinal cousins
C) cross-cousins
D) parallel cousins
Q2) The process by which an individual,whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death,remarries another individual is commonly called
A) bigamy.
B) lineal polygamy.
C) serial monogamy.
D) serial monotony.
Q3) The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother,a father,and their children is
A) a nearly universal,cross-cultural understanding of kinship.
B) a Euro-American ideal.
C) a stable model that matches the lived experience of most Americans.
D) proven to be the best structure for society.
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11
Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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62 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the real irony behind the relationship between Peter Angelos,owner of the Orioles,and the day laborers who staged a hunger strike as it pertains to stratification and inequality?
A) Angelos made his fortune as a lawyer litigating for labor unions.
B) Angelos made his fortune as a lawyer litigating for management.
C) Angelos had hired several of the day laborers as illegal immigrants prior to giving them jobs at the stadium.
D) Angelos was himself a former day laborer and paid only $3.75 per hour.
Q2) Why is Karl Marx considered an important theorist in the study of class?
A) Marx developed the concept of the bourgeoisie.
B) Marx was the first thinker to consider the idea of work and production.
C) Marx built his ideas from those of Max Weber and so acquired great prestige.
D) Marx focused on capitalism as it pertained to workers and inequality.
Q3) Why might we NOT consider the United States a form of ranked society?
A) The leadership is inherited and prestige is hereditary.
B) The leadership is not inherited,and neither wealth nor prestige is hereditary.
C) The leadership is inherited and wealth is hereditary.
D) The leadership is not inherited and prestige is hereditary.
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Chapter 11: The Global Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) How were the Old World long-distance trade routes a precursor to the global economy? First,provide two examples of the commodities exchanged by Arab and Chinese traders,discussing how these products circulated from Asia to Europe.How and when did the movement of slaves occur in the eighth and ninth centuries?
Q2) The European drive to enter the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort to procure
A) silk.
B) spices.
C) gold.
D) slaves.
Q3) Henry Ford is best known,perhaps,for the introduction of the assembly line and the Model T.As his manufacturing effort expanded,however,he also adopted an attitude that came to be known as Fordism and had as one of several central tenets the idea that workers should
A) earn higher wages and work shorter hours.
B) earn lower wages and work shorter hours.
C) be drawn from a pool of immigrant labor.
D) be willing to tolerate the grueling work of an assembly line without complaint.
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Chapter 12: Politics and Power
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63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Our own experiences with the state through encounters with institutions such as the police or airport customs lend credence to the idea of the state as a collection of institutions and structures,but as political anthropologists,we can understand the state as
A) a group of government officials.
B) a system of processes.
C) an autonomous center of power.
D) the ultimate authority in a specific territory or region.
Q2) In a brief essay,describe three elements of a social movement.Provide examples to illustrate your description.
Q3) The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent" and combining physical and virtual elements of their protest.This is an example of a
A) cause célèbre.
B) civil society organization.
C) social rationale.
D) framing process.
Q4) Describe the concept of agency and how it works,and give an example that illustrates this concept.
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Chapter 13: Religion
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings is referred to as a
A) medicine man.
B) rabbi.
C) magician.
D) shaman.
Q2) Victor Turner was an influential anthropologist who studied various aspects of religion.Turner considered religious pilgrimage to be a unique form of religious ritual.What is a religious pilgrimage? What are three specific examples of religious pilgrimage and what do they entail? What stages of process do the pilgrimage examples you provided entail? What purposes do your examples serve a particular religion in general? What purposes does religious pilgrimage serve for the individual and his or her community?
Q3) Anthropologist Marvin Harris built upon Karl Marx's ideas,suggesting that what shapes the other components of a society are
A) material conditions.
B) ritual processes.
C) the relationships between religion and power.
D) religious beliefs.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health and Illness
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65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Illness narratives
A) are based on a physician's assessment of an illness.
B) are based on the personal stories that people tell of their illness.
C) are ethnographic studies of disease and illness.
D) are based on narratives provided by anthropologists to physicians.
Q2) Critical medical anthropology considers the intersection of health care and systems of power: economic and political systems,race,class,gender,and sexuality.This necessitates that a critical medical anthropologist
A) understand how best to combat social and economic inequality at all levels.
B) be prepared to challenge medical authority in instances where their programs do not function effectively in the area of health.
C) understand how to effect political and social change in the areas that most directly impact the place of study.
D) look beyond the Western system of biomedicine and the focus on individual care.
Q3) What is biomedicine,and how do the practitioners view and treat diseases? Discuss two criticisms that anthropologists have about the European biases in the model relative to ethnocentric views about non-Western populations.
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Page 16