Cross-Cultural Studies Test Bank
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Studies explores the complexities of cultural diversity and interaction in an increasingly globalized world. This course examines the values, beliefs, practices, and communication styles of different societies, focusing on how cultural differences impact social, political, economic, and personal dynamics. Students will engage with theories of culture, identity, and power while analyzing case studies and real-life examples from around the globe. Through critical reflection and intercultural dialogues, learners will develop cultural sensitivity, adaptability, and the analytical tools necessary for effective communication and collaboration across cultural boundaries.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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15 Chapters
979 Verified Questions
979 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Participant observation as a research strategy is an essential part of which subfield of anthropology?
A) ethnological analysis
B) cultural anthropology
C) primatology
D) descriptive linguistics
Answer: B
Q2) When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, what do anthropologists call this?
A) ethnology
B) increasing migration
C) time-space compression
D) flexible accumulation
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Former Harvard University president and economist Lawrence Summers commented in a 2005 speech that his school and others similar to it likely had more men in science and math faculties than women because men's brains were better suited for success in these areas. Does Summers's statement reflect a nature or nurture perspective of human experience? Based on what you have read in Chapter 2, what may be some of the reasons why there is a gender discrepancy in science and math faculties in U.S. colleges and universities? What role does culture play in such discrepancies?
Answer: Students must identify the statement as belonging to the nature or biological perspective of human experience. They should argue that Summers's statement is incorrect given the vast variability in human experiences worldwide. They should provide at least two reasons for gender discrepancy and reference culture as an influence. Students should conclude by explicitly discussing how culture shapes the way humans perceive gender and gender roles in society.
Q2) What did anthropologist Eric Wolf believe to be inherent in all relationships?
A) belief system
B) power dynamics
C) stratification
D) human agency
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evaluate the merits of the long-term participant observation advocated by Bronislaw Malinowski relative to merits of the methods of "armchair" anthropology, discussing both these concepts in the context of today's social media networks and the Internet as avenues for conducting research.
Answer: Students should define each term and provide a clear explanation about the difference between nineteenth-century "armchair" anthropology and the similar practice today using the Internet and social media. They should then discuss that armchair anthropology created and reinforced ethnocentric visions of cultural superiority among Europeans. They should include mention of how today's Internet research can, if not managed correctly, lead to similar problems of ethnocentricity. Students should discuss that long-term fieldwork allows the ethnographer to establish rapport with informants and gain insight into the insider's view of his or her culture as well as to achieve a deeper understanding of ethnocentrism.
Q2) What is the significant difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
A) Qualitative data is more difficult to obtain.
B) Qualitative data cannot be counted.
C) Quantitative data is subject to the bias of the ethnographer.
D) Quantitative data is only obtained via direct conversation.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do linguistic anthropologists think about how women and men use language in different ways? What are the two models that explain why language is used in gendered ways, and what are examples that illustrate their hypotheses? Which one of these two models is more compelling to you, and why?
Q2) Which term is used to describe the extinction of languages that have very few speakers?
A) linguistic shift
B) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
C) language loss
D) historical linguistics
Q3) What did Rickford and Rickford conclude in their study of "Spoken Soul"?
A) The English language has more than twenty known dialects.
B) All African Americans are very adept at code switching.
C) This linguistic variant of English is gradually fading from use.
D) This variant of English is in wide use by African Americans in a range of settings.
Q4) What are the building blocks of language? Describe the elements that descriptive linguists use to analyze systems of language. What is the role of syntax and grammar in putting these building blocks together?
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All human beings of every race share what percent of their DNA?
A) 90
B) 95.5
C) 98.9
D) 99.9
Q2) Three hundred years of forced transport of millions of Africans to North and South America resulted in ________.
A) colonialism
B) The U.S. Census Questionnaire
C) a new race
D) white supremacy
Q3) Identify three reasons why anthropologists feel that the concept of "race" is a flawed system of classification, and give an example to support each reason.
Q4) What continuing aspect of racism in the United States is illuminated by the Susie Phipps case?
A) genotype
B) microaggression
C) hypodescent
D) nativism
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample
Questions
Q1) According to legend, the Aztecs wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island where an eagle was standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island, where legend says their ancestors found the eagle. What concept about ethnicity does this demonstrate?
A) identity entrepreneurs
B) origin myth
C) language
D) ethnic boundary marker
Q2) Every year, Americans gather on July 4th to celebrate Independence Day. Parades, fireworks, and hot dogs are all part of this annual ritual. What particular component of ethnicity is embodied in this celebration?
A) citizenship status
B) origin myth
C) ethnic boundaries
D) multiculturalism
Q3) In a brief essay, compare and contrast how the Bafokeng have formed corporations to achieve specific goals. Use specific examples from the class to illustrate your answer.
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Chapter 7: Gender
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In India, what are individuals who are identified as "neither man nor woman" called?
A) berdache
B) hijras
C) Two-Spirits
D) transgender
Q2) Going out on a date can mean many things. As a man, you might bring flowers, offer to pay the bill, and open doors. As a woman, you may offer to split the tab and offer soft thanks. What does this constitute from an anthropological perspective?
A) the performance of stereotypes
B) cultural practices shaped by biological differences between men and women
C) the performance of gender
D) a particular type of gendered ritual
Q3) What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?
A) gender
B) sex
C) chromosomes
D) dimorphism
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9
Chapter 8: Sexuality
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human beings have a libido-a degree of sexual and erotic drive-that varies widely. Which term refers to individuals with no erotic interest in others?
A) homosexuals
B) bisexuals
C) asexuals
D) heterosexuals
Q2) In contemporary U.S. weddings, one common ritual is the act of the father "giving away" the bride. How does this tend to perpetuate a power dynamic that places women at a disadvantage?
A) The groom and the groom's family pay for the entire wedding.
B) It effectively considers the bride as property to control.
C) Weddings are an affair of the church, which is a patriarchal institution.
D) The idea of whiteness in weddings serves as a reminder about inequality.
Q3) In addition to humans, which other mammals engage in sexual activity for fun rather than exclusively for procreation?
A) elephants
B) dolphins
C) cats
D) gorillas
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many different primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation, including the bifurcate merging system, were identified by early anthropologists?
A) two
B) five
C) nine
D) four
Q2) Ayako grew up with many brothers and sisters, but she and her husband currently have no children. What would you call her family unit that had many siblings?
A) extended Family
B) family of Orientation
C) family of Procreation
D) lineage
Q3) In some parts of the world, when a marriage ends, the former spouses often remarry new partners soon afterward. What form of marriage is this?
A) polyandry
B) serial monogamy
C) arranged marriage
D) polygyny
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl Marx, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, and Leith Mullings are four theorists who have examined class as a system of social stratification. Which of the four approaches do you find the most effective tool for examining class in society today? Briefly describe the approach and compare it to the other approaches. Why is this one more convincing? Given the increasingly global nature of our societies and economies, do you believe this approach will continue to be useful in examining class systems in future societies? Or, will additional approaches will be needed to more fully examine class systems in the future? Explain,
Q2) Young Bobby opened a lemonade stand in his front yard. He used $4 worth of lemons, sugar, and cups, and paid his little sister $1 to operate the stand while he played. She sold 7 cups of lemonade for $1 each. What was the surplus value?
A) $4
B) $1
C) $7
D) $2
Q3) How does Pem Davidson Buck's work on the history of poor white people in rural Kentucky reflect how income and wealth are affected by other forms of social stratification?
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Chapter 11: The Global Economy
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73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward what?
A) balanced trade
B) environmental sustainability
C) alleviating poverty and raising living standards
D) financial stability in the global economy
Q2) Which primary adaptive strategy includes hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food?
A) pastoralism
B) primitive agriculture
C) early industrial societies
D) foraging
Q3) Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did, you have experienced redistribution. What would an anthropologist consider this to be?
A) carrying capacity
B) balanced reciprocity
C) a leveling mechanism
D) market exchange
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Chapter 12: Politics and Power
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of how a group has used a framing process.
Q2) During World War II, Walt Disney Productions distributed pro-American propaganda cartoons featuring Donald Duck for the U.S. government in an effort to increase support for the war. This is an example of:
A) civil society.
B) militarization.
C) state sovereignty.
D) modern warfare.
Q3) Describe the effects militarization has on a society. Provide two examples.
Q4) In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal-fired plants. What does this demonstrate?
A) people taking political action to resist climate change
B) electoral politics in action
C) the persistence of egalitarianism
D) the reign of hierarchy
Q5) The dominance of the state over people's lives is never absolute. How do groups use their agency to contest power relationships, structures, and cultural norms? Give two examples of groups that exercised their political agency and the strategies they used.
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Chapter 13: Religion
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?
A) It was rife with Christian worship.
B) It was rife with skeptics.
C) It was rife with magic.
D) It was rife with religious tenets.
Q2) On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives?
A) their religious beliefs
B) their society's social organization
C) their ability to falsify the religions of others
D) a theoretical understanding of religious practices
Q3) What term is used to identify Victor Turner's final stage of a rite of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community?
A) retrospective
B) reaction
C) reincorporation
D) relegitimization
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Chapter 14: Health, Illness, and the Body
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health. In addition to examining meaning and power, what else does this approach include?
A) promoting ethnopharmacology
B) promoting biomedicine
C) epidemiology
D) Genetics
Q2) Paul Farmer's work in Haiti using anthropological tools led him to recognize that these same tools could also do what?
A) be a limitation for doctors working in the remote rural regions of a country
B) be a useful way to convince local governments to provide better medical care
C) help doctors think about health in the broadest possible sense
D) be used to cure diseases in the United States
Q3) What diagnosis did the biomedical physicians first give Lia Lee of Merced, California, when her parents brought her to the hospital?
A) qaug dab peg
B) soul loss
C) an infection
D) epilepsy
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16
Chapter 15: Art and Media
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why did Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins apply the photographic gaze to National Geographic magazines?
A) On average, more than 100 million people worldwide read it monthly.
B) It was the only source of information available about cultures of the world prior to cable television becoming widely available.
C) They were paid more than $25,000 by the publishers to help increase subscription rates.
D) They wanted to explore the power of visual images to shape cultural perspectives and behavior.
Q2) Jessica Winegar's study of art exhibits displaying Middle Eastern and Islamic art after 9/11 suggests that the ability for art to serve as a "bridge builder" is severely limited by what?
A) popular opinions about what makes for good art
B) beliefs about what constitutes "high art"
C) the political context in which art is selected and funded
D) the authenticity of the art that is displayed
Q3) Consider the global trade of West African "wood" and "mud" artwork. Are these objects "authentic"?
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