Cross-Cultural Studies Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Studies examines the interactions, differences, and connections among diverse cultures around the world. The course explores key concepts such as cultural identity, values, norms, communication styles, and the impact of historical and social forces on cultural development. Through case studies, critical readings, and experiential learning, students will gain an understanding of how cultural perspectives shape worldviews, influence human behavior, and play a role in global issues. Emphasis is placed on developing cultural competence, empathy, and effective cross-cultural communication skills essential for success in multicultural environments.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 9th Edition by Raymond Scupin
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following illustrates the way anthropology embraces the social sciences as well as the humanities?
A) a study concerned with the cultural context of Bedouin poetry
B) an excavation of a seventeenth-century colonial burial ground
C) an investigation of the way people change which language they speak according to social context
D) research into the economic effects of migration in Asia
Answer: A
Q2) The holistic approach is used by anthropologists to find out if there are any missing pieces to a scientific puzzle or problem they are exploring-that is, if there are any "holes in the argument."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Anthropology, a scientific discipline, has no relationship with history, a humanistic discipline.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Charles Darwin can be considered an "armchair biologist" because his theories are based on the fieldwork of other researchers.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) At the 15,000-year-old site at Mezhirich in the Ukraine, archaeologists have excavated the remains of five shelters made from which of the following?
A) rough stone slabs
B) blocks of marble
C) tree trunks
D) mammoth bones
Answer: D
Q3) The family of mammals known as primates, to which humans belong, arose about 67 million years ago.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Folkways and mores are two different types of norms.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following would be considered a form of nonmaterial culture?
A) igloos
B) cufflinks
C) lullabies
D) forks
Answer: C
Q3) Many anthropologists have adopted the term "sociocultural" to encompass both "society" and "culture" since societies are complex, consist of distinctive groups, and maintain cultural traditions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) A society and a culture are synonymous.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans are considered to have no closed instincts because they __________.
A) react automatically to loud noises
B) cannot avoid instinctual behavior
C) learn new behaviors easily
D) are always looking for new experiences
Q2) The majority of human behaviors are driven by closed instincts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Early anthropologists, such as E. B. Tylor, suggested that incest taboos originated in order to __________.
A) encourage alliances and cooperation between descent groups
B) avoid the serious consequences of genetic interbreeding
C) strengthen the role of patrilineal descent groups
D) regulate and limit sexual behavior within small communities
Q4) Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's research on color terms lends support to the idea that
A) color naming is arbitrary
B) color terms are biologically hard-wired
C) basic color terms are the same in every language
D) the human mind organizes reality in terms of prototypes
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Language
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Q1) According to some linguistic researchers, how did Ebonics originate?
A) through lack of proper education
B) from a slang dialect of formal American English
C) as a creole language during slavery in the United States
D) as trade language between Africa and Europe
Q2) Research has concluded that language, as we know it, appeared only within the last 10,000 years and is associated with the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is an example of linguistic relativism because it maintains that the world is experienced differently among different language communities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How do variations in language relate to social hierarchies? Compare and contrast two examples from sociolinguistics that illustrate the relationship between language use and social standing.
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Chapter 6: Anthropological Explanations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The body of anthropological theory concerned with the spread of technology, religion, economic systems, art forms, and other expressions of culture is known as
A) idealism
B) particularism
C) functionalism
D) diffusionism
Q2) The British and German schools of cultural diffusion are considered to be obsolete as a means of understanding societal development because of their ethnocentric perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the principal effects that the writings of Karl Marx have had on anthropological theory. Support your answer with specific examples.
Q4) Lewis Henry Morgan believed in a hierarchical evolution of society from "savagery" to "civilization," but, unlike Edward B. Tylor, Morgan emphasized the evolution of the family and kinship terms.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Analyzing Sociocultural Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Jared Diamond, what circumstances contributed to the development of complex societies on the Eurasian continent?
A) having only a few species of plants and animals to draw upon for domestication
B) geographic isolation from other regions, which led to independent technological innovations
C) the spread of ideas and domesticated plants and animals from the Near East
D) access to variable microclimates
Q2) Anthropologists use the Human Relations Area Files to __________.
A) extract census data about a field site
B) look up standard definitions of universal human behaviors
C) compare cultural phenomena across societies
D) locate other anthropologists working on similar research topics
Q3) Most anthropologists find the term "chiefdom" to be outdated and no longer useful for anthropological research.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the benefits and limitations of conducting cross-cultural research?
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Chapter 8: Environment, Subsistence, and Demography
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Q1) Anthropological research has shown that biological rather than cultural factors are responsible for the rapid growth and high fertility rates of forager populations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Mortality rates have always been lower in agricultural societies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) While studying the Yanomamö, Napoleon Chagnon found that soil depletion was not the only reason that they moved their garden plots. What other reason did he find?
A) Major population movements of the Yanomamö were due to warfare and conflict with neighbors.
B) The Yanomamö simply got tired of living in the same area and moved.
C) The Yanomamö had developed a 25-year plan that detailed their moves from year to year.
D) These cleared plots eventually became shallow ponds that could no longer be used as gardens.
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10
Chapter 9: Technology and Economies
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Q1) Negative reciprocity is most likely to occur between __________.
A) people of the opposite sex
B) people who differ in age and status
C) close kin
D) strangers and enemies
Q2) Karl Marx, in contrast to the views espoused by Adam Smith, __________.
A) argued that a market exchange and competition would bring prosperity and high wages to all segments of society
B) offered a gloomier picture of industrial societies by suggesting that a market economy would bring about misery for millions of people
C) suggested that the best way to have a free, democratic, and prosperous society was for the government to take control of the land, resources, and production
D) felt that forager, horticulturalist, and pastoralist societies could all be transformed into modern market economy states within 10 to 15 years
Q3) How do property rights differ in agricultural states from those in horticulturalist societies? Support your answer with specific examples.
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Chapter 10: Social Structure, The Family, Gender, and Age
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Q1) Because of both the strict marriage rules and postmarital residence rules found in hunter-gatherer societies, it is very difficult to obtain a divorce.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An example of the use of endogamous marriage in a chiefdom would be a marriage between the chief and __________.
A) the daughter of a political ally
B) his first cousin or his sister
C) a woman captured from another tribe
D) a patron goddess of his ancestors
Q3) Iroquois tribal society was organized around matrilineal descent groups, the members of which lived together in a longhouse, had collective rights over land and tools, and were influential in decision-making processes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does enculturation influence male and female gender roles? Is there a universal division of labor based on sex? Are gender roles static entities within each society? Are gender roles changing in the United States? If so, how?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Politics, Warfare, and Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first codified laws originated in the Near Eastern civilization of Babylon.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the difference between legitimate and illegitimate political power? Give an example of each.
Q3) Technological advances in warfare during World War I led to a reduction in fatalities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Since Japan is a homogeneous society, there is less need for litigation than in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) One way of resolving disputes in tribal societies is to force an individual accused of a crime to submit to a physical ordeal.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are codified laws? How do they differ from other social controls? How and why do anthropologists think they evolved?
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Chapter 12: Religion and Aesthetics
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Q1) According to Pierre Bourdieu, cultural capital is based on __________.
A) the amount of money governments invest in public art and performance
B) the amount of time an artist invests in producing a piece of art
C) universal aesthetic principles
D) aesthetic preferences associated with different socioeconomic sectors
Q2) Which of the following correctly characterizes the Elima ritual among the Mbuti?
A) It is a time of rejoicing as young women enter puberty and become ready for marriage and motherhood.
B) Young men experience mixed emotions as they become adults and warriors.
C) Elders instill fear of the supernatural among young boys and girls through sacred rituals.
D) Men and women celebrate through song, dance, and feasting as a new child is born into the community.
Q3) Since individualistic religious practices and beliefs were deemed as threatening to the state, one of the major functions of priests was to standardize religious beliefs and practices for the society.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies
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Q1) The discovery of gold within Yanomamö territory has led to __________.
A) economic prosperity for certain rainforest tribes
B) increased government taxation of Indian communities
C) massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children
D) better definitions of reservation boundaries
Q2) What led to the end of the Ghost Dance movement?
A) the massacre of 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
B) the assassination of King Kamehameha
C) government repression of New Guinea tribesmen in the 1970s
D) the Mexican Revolution and subsequent land reform
Q3) Saudi Arabian control of the Al-Murrah Bedouins has been accomplished by making their traditional leader, the emir, __________.
A) the head of an independent state
B) a common Saudi citizen
C) a prisoner for life
D) a dependent government official
Q4) Mbuti pygmies have adapted well to a lifestyle based on mining and farming.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Globalization in Latin America,Africa, and the Caribbean
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Q1) The concepts of rising expectations and relative deprivation are most useful in explaining __________ in Latin America.
A) revolutionary movements
B) the elimination of formal social categories
C) processes of religious syncretization
D) the growth of haciendas
Q2) An example of a dyadic contract would be the relationship between __________.
A) a parent and a godparent
B) a patriarch and his extended family
C) a woman and her nuclear family
D) an individual and his cousins
Q3) The most significant factor in Latin American demographic change after the arrival of Europeans was a dramatic increase in __________.
A) fertility
B) mortality
C) employment
D) life expectancy
Q4) What is the status of women in African societies? What are some of the differences in women's roles within urban and rural settings?
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Chapter 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia
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Q1) The "Cultural Revolution" in Communist China was an attempt to do which of the following?
A) eliminate political "deviance"
B) embrace Western values
C) initiate capitalist enterprise
D) return to traditional Confucianist values
Q2) The Philippines were directly colonized first by __________, then by the United States.
A) Iran
B) Nigeria
C) India
D) Spain
Q3) Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, and Mao Zedong ruled China together peacefully from 1900 to 1980.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mao Zedong and his peasant armies gained control of China in 1949, renaming it the People's Republic of China.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Ethnicity
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Q1) The famous American anthropologist __________ subjected scientific racist beliefs to rigorous testing and evaluation; he found that there are no superior or inferior races.
A) Johann Blumenbach
B) Joseph Arthur de Gobineau
C) Carolus Linnaeus
D) Franz Boas
Q2) Japanese immigrants who came to the United States in the 1880s frequently took jobs as __________.
A) railroad builders
B) miners
C) agricultural laborers
D) cattle herders
Q3) Why do many Asian Americans resent being labeled the "model minority"? Do you think this stereotype is unfair? Why or why not?
Q4) African-Americans are descended from a single African ethnic group.
A)True
B)False
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Contemporary Global Trends
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Q1) Since anthropology is primarily a theoretical field, it has little or nothing to offer in terms of helping solve global issues such as overpopulation, deforestation, and agricultural pollution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Anthropologists working in Northeast Brazil found that farmers __________.
A) have adopted high-tech agricultural techniques with great success
B) preferred periods of drought because they received some government assistance
C) were well aware that their agricultural practices were detrimental to the environment
D) refused to participate in government programs that resembled colonial patron-client relationships
Q3) The term "Green Revolution" refers to the increased use of __________ to increase food production in Third World countries.
A) traditional, organic farming methods that avoid the use of pesticides
B) intensive human labor for planting, weeding, and harvesting
C) renewable tree- and root-crop products of the tropical rainforests
D) mechanized agriculture, genetic engineering, and artificial hybrid crops
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Chapter 18: Applied Anthropology
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Q1) What is medical anthropology? Describe two projects in medical anthropology that were mentioned in your text. Discuss how these projects combined elements from different anthropological subfields.
Q2) An example of an applied project in which the anthropologists played the role of analyst was the Vicos Project in the Andes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When patients in Thailand use a combination of ritual, magic, and modern scientific medicine to treat an illness, they are enacting __________.
A) a culture-specific disorder
B) polymedicalism
C) therapeutic pluralism
D) the multiple treatment scenario
Q4) Chinese acupuncture is based on the concept __________.
A) of umami, a particular quality associated with saline levels in the lymphatic system
B) that blood sugar levels vary with health and illness
C) of qi, an energy force that inhabits all living things
D) of medical pluralism
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