Cross-Cultural Psychology Test Questions
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Psychology examines how cultural factors influence human behavior, cognition, and emotion, exploring both universal and culture-specific psychological processes. The course covers major theories, methodologies, and research findings related to cross-cultural comparisons, acculturation, identity development, and intercultural interactions. Students will develop a deeper understanding of cultural diversity and its impact on perception, motivation, attitudes, and mental health, equipping them with the knowledge to apply psychological principles sensitively and effectively in multicultural contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 7th Australia Edition by Graham M. Vaughan
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16 Chapters
1147 Verified Questions
1147 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The double-blind procedure is used in experiments to
A) reduce the experimenter's bias
B) make the results externally valid
C) reduce social desirability
D) confound everyone except the experimenter
Answer: A
Q2) Social psychology is social because it
A) incorporates evolutionary social psychology
B) deals with how people are affected by other people
C) is a branch of general psychology
D) is based on group dynamics
Answer: B
Q3) An interpersonal level of explanation examines
A) the interaction between individuals within a given environment
B) the influence of positional factors on social interactions
C) the psychological processes involved in an individual experience of the environment
D) the influence of social beliefs and group relations
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Social Cognition and Social Thinking
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78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is Margaret Wetherell's (2012)recent concern with regard to the contemporary social psychology of affect and emotion?
A) It is too tied to the study of animals
B) It is too tied to the study of personality
C) It is too tied to the exploration of cognitive and neurological processes associated with complex emotions
D) It is too tied to the exploration of cognitive and neurological processes associated with simple or basic emotions
Answer: D
Q2) Who was the most influential person of the 20th century? Europeans may refer to Hitler,Indians to Gandhi and Americans to Kennedy.These are different responses,so that the category 'influential person' is a(n)
A) stereotype
B) prototype
C) exemplar
D) fuzzy set
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Attribution and Social Explanation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The actor-observer effect is a(n)
A) form of self-perception
B) test of acting ability
C) extension of the fundamental attribution error
D) individual differences measure
Answer: C
Q2) An example of the false consensus effect would be when a
A) teacher gives an inflated grade to a favourite student
B) novice tennis player sees a wonderful sporting future after just serving an ace when playing against their coach
C) city mayor wants more skyscrapers on the main street, arguing that this is what the citizens want
D) child blames you (in your innocence) for spilling drink on their painting
Answer: C
Q3) The term 'external attribution' is also termed ________ in Heider's theory.
A) personalism
B) correspondent attribution
C) dispositional attribution
D) situational attribution
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Self and Identity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rosa has settled shortly after her arrival from the Philippines.When interacting with the neighbours she is likely to
A) make earnest attempts to have them view her Philippine identity in a positive light
B) accentuate her foreign accent
C) act to confirm her neighbours' expectations based on stereotypes to please them
D) make an attempt to pass as a local
Q2) According to self-discrepancy theory,how we think we should be refers to
A) the 'ought' self
B) the actual self
C) the superego self
D) the ideal self
Q3) Millie is a member of a youth group.She is proud of this and feels she is a better person as a result.She is a living example of
A) self-perception theory
B) the self-evaluation maintenance model
C) the overjustification effect
D) how self-categorisation theory works
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6
Chapter 5: Attitudes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person's tendency to say 'yes' to questions in a survey is
A) an acquiescent response set
B) the mere exposure effect
C) a result of low external validity
D) the multiple act criterion
Q2) Which of the following did Allport claim in 1935?
A) The concept of 'attitude' is too controversial to represent a separate area for research
B) Attitudes are the basis of modern discourse analysis
C) The concept of 'attitude' is the most distinctive and indispensable in social psychology
D) Attitudes control social interaction
Q3) What do Likert's method of summated ratings,Guttman's scale and Thurstone's method of equal-appearing intervals have in common?
A) They all have a neutral point
B) They were invented in the 1920s
C) The assumption that attitudes can be measured quantitatively
D) Their ease of construction
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Chapter 6: Persuasion and Attitude Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) 'A hostile audience is more likely to be persuaded if both sides of the argument are presented rather than one.' This statement refers to
A) a message characteristic and an audience characteristic
B) an audience characteristic and a source characteristic
C) an audience characteristic only
D) a communicator characteristic only
Q2) You see a qualified medical doctor and an unqualified physical health promoter present on the benefits of living a healthy lifestyle.Both are very convincing,although their arguments differ slightly.Knowing what you do about the importance of source credibility,you obviously tend to believe the arguments of the medical doctor rather than the health promoter.However,after about a year you find yourself talking to a friend about why they should be living a healthier lifestyle,and without realising it you are forcefully putting forward the arguments of both the medical doctor and the health promoter you saw present a year earlier.This is an example of
A) terror management theory
B) protection motivation theory
C) the inverted U-curve
D) the sleeper effect
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Chapter 7: Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Asch found that a few dissenters,although incorrect,were taken seriously by a correct majority.This can be viewed as a precursor to later studies on
A) minority influence
B) group conflict
C) reference groups
D) obedience to authority
Q2) In studying conformity in a group pressure situation,Asch found that people conformed even when
A) the task was difficult
B) they believed the others were wrong
C) others seemed to know what they were saying
D) there was no basis for thinking anything
Q3) In considering the concepts of leadership and power,research now indicates that A) leaders are required to exercise power over followers
B) although both concepts involve social influence, they can still be differentiated
C) leadership always involves informational power
D) leadership always involves expert power
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Chapter 8: People in Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interestingly,a theory that deals with how one perceives oneself can be applied to account for social facilitation.This theory is based on
A) self-enhancement
B) self-denial
C) self-awareness
D) none of the above
Q2) In their pioneering work on gangs in America,Sherif and Sherif (1964)observed that there were
A) harsh initiation rites
B) no strict norms about sexual practices
C) strict norms about dress codes
D) new identities allocated within the gangs
Q3) Bill sees some people stopped on the street staring at the top of a building.He would not think of them as a group as such because they are probably a(n)
A) entitativity
B) collective
C) category
D) aggregate
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Chapter 9: Leadership and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clark and Stephenson (1989)investigated the accuracy of their participants' recall of police testimony collected through questioning a rape victim.Compared to individuals,groups of four people at a time
A) made more confusional errors
B) recalled less correct information
C) made fewer motivational inferences
D) went beyond the actual information more often
Q2) In leader categorisation theory,when we categorise someone as a leader
A) our leader schema generates further information about that person
B) they categorise us as a mirror image
C) it is because they already had the qualities we wanted in a leader
D) we think that person is now part of the outgroup
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink leading to defective decision making?
A) Disregard of information that is not in support of the group's ideas
B) Critical analysis of different opinions
C) Unquestioning belief that the group is right
D) Stereotyping of outgroup members
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11
Chapter 10: Prejudice and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although people generally no longer derogate the physically handicapped,they often are still uneasy in their presence and unsure about how to interact with them.
A) This is an example of intergroup anxiety
B) This can unintentionally produce patronising attitudes and behaviour
C) This can potentially emphasise and perpetuate handicap
D) All of the above
Q2) Behaviour is to discrimination as attitude to
A) prejudice
B) cognition
C) affect
D) instinct
Q3) Which of the following is not a component of Allport's (1954)three-component attitude model?
A) Cognitive
B) Affective
C) Conative
D) Behavioural
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Chapter 11: Intergroup Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jenny is a staunch atheist who doesn't particularly like religious people.One day at lunchtime,her fellow atheist friend Jack starts telling Jenny about an old friend he has,Tina,who is a Christian.When Jenny discovers that Jack has such a close friend who is religious,she begins to wonder 'perhaps religious people aren't quite as bad as I thought?' This is an example of
A) the extended contact effect
B) generalisation
C) ingroup favouritism
D) all of the above
Q2) SIDE is a social identity approach to understanding
A) good things that often happen inside a crowd
B) gossip that takes place on the side
C) deindividuation phenomena
D) Seriously Individual DEviants
Q3) Social categorisation refers to
A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory
B) the attitude that precedes discrimination
C) collective attribution
D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) A code that demands that challenges or insults be met with violence is
A) catharsis
B) machismo
C) mosaic
D) symbolic
Q2) The term 'learning by vicarious experience' refers to the acquisition of a
A) child by a group of angry peers
B) vicious behaviour after being reprimanded
C) class of religious behaviour learned by vicars
D) behaviour after observing that another person was rewarded for that behaviour
Q3) A major flaw in the frustration-aggression model was that it
A) could only apply to a long-standing feud
B) was unable to account for the effects of stressors such as very hot weather
C) could not predict which frustrating events acted as a precursor
D) could not explain actions taken by the Mafia
Q4) The three major theoretical accounts of aggression that feature biology are
A) evolutionary social psychology, social learning theory and Freudian theory
B) Freudian theory, evolutionary social psychology and ethology
C) evolutionary social psychology, ethology and operant psychology
D) Bandura's theory, Lorenz's theory and Freudian theory
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Prosocial Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following applies to the current status of an evolutionary explanation for helping behaviour?
A) Supportive human evidence is not convincing
B) It has neglected both social and situational factors
C) The strong version of an 'altruistic gene' has been softened to a 'communicative gene'
D) All of the above
Q2) The case of the Kitty Genovese murder has been a major stumbling block in explaining helping behaviour as
A) racial violence
B) entirely biologically predisposed
C) socially learned
D) the outcome of circumstances
Q3) Up to the 1960s,prosocial behaviour was not easily explained by traditional theories of human behaviour because
A) prosocial behaviour has many facets
B) traditional theories had emphasised people's self-interest
C) it is hard to quantify prosocial behaviour
D) the Kitty Genovese murder case uncovered a totally new phenomenon
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15
Chapter 14: Attraction and Close Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Levinger (1980),which of the following is NOT a factor that heralds the end of a relationship?
A) One partner experiences an existential crisis
B) Alternative partners are available
C) There is an expectation that the relationship will fail
D) There is a lack of commitment to a continuing relationship
Q2) Jane asked Sally 'How could you fall out of love with Harry so easily?' An interesting angle on this is that it probably stems from
A) Jane being a little too judgemental
B) Harry obviously not loving Sally
C) Sally being fickle
D) Sally initially loving Harry but him not meeting her ideal image
Q3) Betty lives just down the road a little way.You will like her if
A) you think you are likely to bump into her quite often
B) she gradually becomes familiar to you
C) you find it easy to talk with her
D) all of the above
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16
Chapter 15: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Felicia loves playing video games.However,at school she often conceals this interest in face-to-face situations because other girls tend to find video games boring and boys often ridicule her by saying that she probably sucks at playing video games because she is a girl.However,when Felicia gets home in the evenings she often animatedly discusses video games in anonymous online chat forums with other gamer enthusiasts.This is an example of A) the participant-equalisation effect
B) intimacy equilibrium theory
C) communication accommodation theory
D) ethnolinguistic vitality
Q2) In a cross-cultural study on gazing and eye contact,LaFrance and Mayo (1976)found that
A) Blacks gaze more when emphasising their power status
B) gazing at a subordinate is universal
C) gazing is more common in Eastern countries
D) gazing patterns amongst Whites are reversed amongst African Americans
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Chapter 16: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) A critique of social psychology from the cultural perspective is that it has been
A) a predominantly American product
B) culture-bound
C) culture-blind
D) all of the above
Q2) In a society based on individualism people are
A) assumed to assign resources in a humanistic manner
B) reliant on functioning family structures
C) expected to look after themselves
D) dependent on cooperation
Q3) A psychology that assumes that culture can be understood only from within its own perspective is called
A) cultural psychology
B) authentic psychology
C) indigenous psychology
D) intercultural psychology
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