Cross-Cultural Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Psychology explores the ways in which cultural factors influence human behavior, cognition, and emotions. This course examines similarities and differences in psychological processes across diverse cultural groups, addressing topics such as perception, development, identity, communication, motivation, and mental health from a multicultural perspective. Through comparative analysis and case studies, students gain a deeper understanding of how cultural context shapes individual experiences and the importance of cultural competence in psychological research and practice.
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Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by David Matsumoto
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) _____ refers to the behaviors or patterns of activities that a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women.
A)Ethnicity
B)Gender
C)Religion
D)Nationality
Answer: B
Q2) _____ refers to the individual differences that exist among individuals within groups.
A)Personality
B)Temperament
C)Culture
D)Family
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of animals?
A)All animals are solitary and do not live in groups.
B)In animal societies,there are no clear social networks and hierarchies.
C)Many animals communicate with each other.
D)Animals do not have the ability to invent and use tools.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) Studies that examine whether constructs are conceptualized the same way across cultures,the relationship of a construct to other constructs,or the measurement of a construct are called _____.
A)level-oriented studies
B)structure-oriented studies
C)individual-level studies
D)ecological-level studies
Answer: B
Q2) _____ can be defined as a state or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures that allows comparisons to be meaningful.
A)Equivalence
B)Cross-cultural research
C)Operationalization
D)Bias
Answer: A
Q3) On the individual level,Triandis referred to collectivism as idiocentrism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) Which of the following is one of the three criteria to define bullying as outlined by Olweus (1993)?
A)Cultural frame switching
B)Hierarchical relatedness
C)Temperamental disposition
D)Intentional psychological harm
Answer: D
Q2) According to Dweck (2008),children who believe that effort determines intelligence rather than ability tend to give up faster when faced with a difficult or challenging problem.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of a developmental niche?
A)It is a useful framework to understand socialization but not enculturation.
B)It focuses on the development of parents rather than their children.
C)It focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures a child's immediate microsystems.
D)It includes five major components that influence a developing child.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) Cross-cultural studies suggest that Kohlberg's theory of moral development,as well as the methods for scoring moral stages according to verbal reasoning,may not recognize higher levels of morality as defined in some cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A child who regards a book lying on its side as "tired" or "needing a rest," or thinks that the moon is following him or her is most likely to be in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations
Q3) During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) According to the terror management theory,one of the goals of cultural worldviews that people create for themselves is to _____.
A)raise human existence above nature
B)strive to control every element of our environment
C)underestimate the commonality of desirable traits
D)refrain from drawing meaning from life
Q2) Studies indicate that bicultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds and access one or the other depending on the context in which they are in.This is known as _____.
A)cultural frame switching
B)cultural exchange
C)culture shock
D)cultural worldview
Q3) _____ refers to the tendency to downplay one's virtue.
A)Self-effacement
B)Self-enhancement
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-concept
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Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) In the context of the five-factor theory,which of the following statements is NOT true of culture?
A)Characteristic adaptations can be substantially influenced by culture through the resources,social structures,and social systems available.
B)Culture can influence mean levels of personality and values about the various personality traits.
C)Culture defines context and provides differential meaning to the components of context.
D)The basic tendencies representing the universal personality traits are culturally variable.
Q2) In the context of the five-factor model,which of the following is a subtrait of conscientiousness?
a)Trust
b)Dutifulness
c)Warmth
d)Modesty
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) _____ suggest that males are aggressive and unemotional,with the exception of anger,and that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the principal wage earner.
A)Feminists
B)Traditional sex roles
C)Assimilationists
D)Traditional gender roles
Q2) Much of the cultural changes that are brought by economics give rise to tensions between tradition and progress,conservatism and liberalism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the context of Berry's (1976)study on cognitive differences between males and females,_____ cultures may require a greater degree of conformity to traditional gender roles on the part of both males and females.
A)feminist
B)matriarchic
C)tight
D)loose
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Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) Problem solving refers to the process by which we attempt to discover ways of achieving goals that do not seem readily attainable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____ are perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is.
A)Discrepant perception
B)Optical illusions
C)Focal point illusions
D)Apparent perception
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of positive logical determinism?
A)It is a tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories,as either-or,yes-no,one-or-the-other types of categories.
B)It the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs.
C)It tries to find the way in which both sides of an apparent contradiction are correct.
D)It aims at finding the mutual middle ground to problems.
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Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) Identify a true statement about cultural display rules in humans.
A)They are biologically based and genetically coded rules that dictate human behavior.
B)They refer to a system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts.
C)They dictate how the universal emotional expressions should be modified according to the social situation.
D)They refer to front-end cultural influences on the core emotion system.
Q2) The term _____ refers to the co-occurrence of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions.
A)emotional complexity
B)emotion response system coherence
C)bi-polar emotionality
D)emotion antecedent
Q3) Studies of congenially blind individuals suggest that facial expressions of emotion are _____.
A)genetically encoded and not socially learned
B)socially learned and not genetically encoded
C)both socially learned and genetically encoded
D)neither socially learned nor genetically encoded
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Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) Semantics refers to:
A)the arrangement of words.
B)what words mean.
C)how words sound in a given social context.
D)the system of rules governing how words should sound.
Q2) Pragmatics refers to the system of rules governing:
A)how language is used and understood in given social contexts.
B)the arrangement of words.
C)how words should sound in a given language.
D)word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances.
Q3) Understanding the culture-language relationship has no bearing on becoming a skillful intercultural communicator.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A high degree of mindfulness reduces uncertainty and anxiety,resulting in effective communication.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) According to Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996),culture influences human emotion and human physiology,particularly with respect to autonomic nervous system activity and the immune system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to MacLachlan (1997),a type of balance,common in theories of disease in many Latin American cultures,concentrates on _____.
A)hot and cold
B)masculine and feminine energies
C)negative and positive energies
D)good and evil
Q3) What are the three indicators of health used worldwide?
A)Life expectancy,infant mortality,and subjective well-being
B)Lifespan,death rate,and emotional stability
C)Levels of happiness,death rate,and lifespan
D)Financial,physical,and spiritual well-being
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Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) _____ is the most widely observed cultural symptoms of distress and has been identified in several countries in Asia (Malaysia,Philippines,and Thailand).
A)Susto
B)Baksbat
C)Zar
D)Amok
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the study that compared European and Asian Americans who were depressed with nondepressed people from the same cultural backgrounds,to gauge their emotional reactions to happy and sad films?
A)The results showed that there were no differences between depressed and nondepressed individuals when watching the happy film.
B)Depressed European Americans showed more emotional expression when watching the sad film than nondepressed European Americans.
C)Depressed Asian Americans show less emotional expression when watching the sad film than nondepressed Asian Americans.
D)The researchers concluded that depression has no effect on emotional expression.
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Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Despite critiques of the historically Eurocentric bias in the development of psychotherapy,it continues to be implemented with culturally diverse populations around the world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A cross-national comparison showed that those in the lower income countries are,in general,more likely to seek treatment compared to those in higher-income countries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Miranda et al.'s (2005)review of empirically rigorous studies with randomized trials found that _____ can be very effective for depression for African American and Latinos with improvement as good as for European Americans.
A)physiotherapy
B)cognitive behavioral therapy
C)tricyclic antidepressants
D)hypnosis
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Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of external attributions?
A)They locate the cause of behavior outside a person,such as nature or acts of God.
B)They are also known as dispositional attributions.
C)They are movements of the body,usually the hands,that are generally reflective of thoughts or feelings.
D)They refer to prejudicial attitudes that are unspoken and perhaps even outside conscious awareness.
Q2) Which of the following best describes self-serving bias?
A)It refers to the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.
B)It refers to the tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personality.
C)It refers to bias toward inferences about a person's disposition even in the presence of very obvious situational constraints.
D)It refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.
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Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Q1) According to Hofstede,_____ cultural values foster more compliance with company policies and more conformity in group,section,or unit behavior.
A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) long-term oriented
D) short-term oriented
Q2) _____ refers to the disorientation,anxiety,confusion,doubt,distress,or nervousness that occurs when a person is confronted with and needs to deal with a new and different culture.
A) Enculturation
B) Reverse culture shock
C) Culture shock
D) Assimilation
Q3) Unlike Americans,negotiators in many cultures:
A) prefer written contracts as oral commitments are considered not binding.
B) are open to different or novel approaches to problem issues.
C) consider other parties as untrustworthy until proven trustworthy.
D) consider other parties as trustworthy until proven untrustworthy.
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