Cross-Cultural Psychology
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Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Psychology examines how cultural factors influence human behavior, cognition, and emotion. The course explores psychological similarities and differences across diverse cultural groups, analyzing topics such as perception, development, identity, and social relationships. Students learn about critical concepts such as cultural norms, values, communication styles, and adaptation, while investigating methodologies for conducting culturally sensitive research. By understanding the role of culture in shaping psychological processes, students develop the skills necessary to appreciate diversity, mitigate cultural biases, and apply cross-cultural perspectives in research and real-world contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by
David Matsumoto
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of human cultures?
A)Culture is a uniquely human product.
B)Humans are not unique in their ability to recognize that other people are intentional agents.
C)There are no cultural differences in attributional styles among different human cultures.
D)All human cultures exist in their own specific,unique environment.
Answer: D
Q2) _____ refers to the individual differences that exist among individuals within groups.
A)Personality
B)Temperament
C)Culture
D)Family
Answer: A
Q3) Unlike humans,nonhuman animals do not have social groups.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) _____ involve any variable that can explain,partly or fully,cross-cultural differences when they are observed in a study.
A)Demographic factors
B)Multi-level studies
C)Contextual factors
D)Structure-oriented studies
Answer: C
Q2) Linkage studies merely document differences between cultures on some psychological variable and are unable to state whether the source of the differences is cultural or not.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) _____ use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis.
A)Ecological-level studies
B)Individual-level studies
C)Hypothesis-testing studies
D)Linkage studies
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) Studies comparing American,German,Russian,and Japanese children's beliefs about school performance showed that American children had the lowest _____.
A)belief-ability correlations
B)belief-performance correlations
C)belief-esteem correlations
D)belief-power correlations
Answer: B
Q2) In the context of teaching practices and school environment,Japanese and Chinese teachers spend a greater proportion of time working with the whole class than do American teachers.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Parental cultural belief systems are also known as:
A)parental ethnotheories.
B)parental psychoanalysis.
C)developmental parental constructs.
D)dominative parental constructs.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) According to Ainsworth,a major determinant of attachment security is having a caregiver who is sensitive and responsive to a child's needs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between the actual developmental level of a child versus the potential developmental level that the child is capable of with some assistance by more knowledgeable others.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An underlying assumption of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience represents the lowest and most basic level of moral reasoning.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) In the context of the dynamic nature of the concept of self,which of the following statements is true?
A)Self-concepts are not specific to context.
B)Self-concepts are multifaceted.
C)Self-concepts assume that people have and embrace a single aspect of oneself.
D)Differences in self-concepts occur because different cultures have the same rules of living.
Q2) _____ refer to our qualities of ourselves in relation to others.
A)Relational identities
B)Qualitative identities
C)Collective identities
D)Interpersonal identities
Q3) According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b),individuals with an independent construal of the self:
A)depend primarily on whether they can fit in and be part of a relevant ongoing relationship.
B)are socialized to adjust themselves to an attendant relationship.
C)strive to meet or even create duties,obligations,and social responsibilities.
D)verify and confirm their personal,internal attributes in private through social comparison.
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Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) The term _____ refers to a consistent pattern of behavior,feelings,and thoughts that a person would usually display in relevant circumstances.
A) trait
B) morale
C) ethics
D) preference
Q2) Which of the following is more likely to be "mutually constituted" in development,arising out of an interaction between an individual and the environment?
A)Trait
B)Gender
C)Identity
D)Race
Q3) In the context of the five-factor model,two of the most important traits for describing behavioral differences are _____ and _____.
A)tender-mindedness;self-discipline
B)openness to experience;agreeableness
C)agreeableness;conscientiousness
D)extraversion;neuroticism
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Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) _____ refers to judgments about what gender roles in a particular culture ought to be.
A) Gender role socialization
B) Gender differentiation
C) Gender role ideology
D) Gender diversity
Q2) In the context of gender role ideologies,Gibbons and her colleagues conducted several cross-cultural studies involving almost 700 adolescents from Spain,Guatemala,and Sri Lanka.In their surveys,these researchers found that the most important quality of an ideal man or woman for both boys and girls was being _____,a characteristic that was not gender-specific.
A)decent
B)successful
C)kind and honest
D)patient and diplomatic
Q3) Much of the cultural changes that are brought by economics give rise to tensions between tradition and progress,conservatism and liberalism.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) Which of the following is true of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in the context of pain?
A)It states that cultural differences in pain experiences,such as pain response,may occur quite early in life for English speakers.
B)It states that individuals in poor and developing countries develop a higher tolerance to pain compared to those in developed countries.
C)It suggests that the structure of language,which is highly dependent on culture,affects our perceptions and cognitions of our pain experiences.
D)It suggests that our individual pain threshold,not our culture,is responsible for the way that we perceive pain.
Q2) _____ refers to the process in which individuals adjust their memory for something after they find out the true outcome.
A)Outcome bias
B)Information bias
C)Hindsight bias
D)Congruence bias
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10
Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) The concept of emotion is the same across various cultures of the world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Emotions are rapid information processing systems that evolved to help humans:
A)adapt to various cultural changes over a period of time.
B)act with minimal conscious thinking or deliberation.
C)respond gradually by taking well-thought actions.
D)react with higher cognitive functioning instead of instinct.
Q3) As identified by Shalom Schwartz,_____ refers to the degree to which cultures emphasize the promotion and protection of people's independent pursuit of positive experiences.
A)intellectual autonomy
B)affective autonomy
C)measurement bias
D)procedural bias
Q4) _____ are the events or situations that elicit or trigger an emotion.
A)Emotion appraisals
B)Emotional contagions
C)Emotional complexities
D)Emotion antecedents
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Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) _____ are directions that people of all cultures learn from early childhood about how to decipher speech and behavior.
A)Cultural decoding rules
B)Cultural display rules
C)Cultural attribution fallacies
D)Cultural reaffirmation effects
Q2) _____ refers to the public appearance or image of a person.
A)Mindfulness
B)Lexicon
C)Face
D)Haptics
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of emblematic gestures?
A)They allow for communication when voices cannot be readily heard.
B)They do not allow for communication when speech is not allowed or wise.
C)They usually fail to convey verbal meaning.
D)They are universal across cultures.
Q4) Understanding the culture-language relationship has no bearing on becoming a skillful intercultural communicator.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) According to Yip (2005),from the Chinese perspective,the concept of health is not confined to an individual but encompasses the surrounding relationships and environment-a view of health that is:
A)economical.
B)refined.
C)holistic.
D)balanced.
Q2) _____ are differences in health outcomes by groups,for instance,between males and females,people of different ethnicities,and people of lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES).
A)Social health differences
B)Cultural health differences
C)Health disparities
D)Cross-cultural disparities
Q3) Individuals of a particular racial or cultural background are not consistently genetically similar to other individuals of the same racial or cultural background.
A)True
B)False
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13
Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) According to DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fifth edition),which of the following is a subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A)ADHD with symptoms of breathlessness
B)ADHD with symptoms of heavy sweating
C)ADHD with symptoms of inattention
D)ADHD with symptoms of recklessness
Q2) The _____ is a comprehensive study of the mental health of African Americans in the United States that distinguishes between those who were born in the United States with U.S.-born parents versus those who were born in a Caribbean country or had parents who were born in a Caribbean country.
A)National Survey of American Life (NSAL)
B)National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
C)American Housing Survey (AHS)
D)American Community Survey (ACS)
Q3) Depressive disorder is characterized by physical changes,motivational changes,as well as emotional and behavioral changes.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Sigmund Freud discovered that patients under the influence of _____ would talk more freely and emotionally about their problems,conflicts,and fears.
A)alcohol
B)drugs
C)hypnosis
D)anesthesia
Q2) In the context of cultural limitations of psychotherapy,an ecocentric culture considers _____ as an effective healing system.
A)shamanism
B)allocentrism
C)collective ritual family therapy
D)client-centered therapy
Q3) According to Sue et al.(2009),which of the following is an important determinant of client responses to treatment?
A)Gender
B)Political views
C)Socioeconomic status
D)Acculturation status
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Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) Identify a true statement about aggression.
A)Climate does not have an influence on aggression and conflict.
B)Culture plays an important role in contributing to aggression.
C)Most lethal aggression events are perpetuated by groups rather than individuals.
D)Culture does not facilitate racial microaggressions.
Q2) In the context of person perception,adults with baby-face features tend to be judged as warm,kind,naive,and submissive;adults with more mature facial features tend to be judged as strong,worldly,and dominant.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of racial microaggressions?
A)It refers to brief and commonplace daily verbal,behavioral,and environmental indignities toward a target person or a group.
B)It refers to taking revenge for wrongdoing to one's clan.
C)This results in a friendly environment.
D)This is the least important form of aggression prevalent today.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Q1) The increase in the number of intercultural contacts in work organizations brought about by the creation of multinational companies and transfer of employees across borders has brought about an increase in the awareness of sexual harassment issues cross-culturally.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Organizations need vertical or hierarchical relationships based on status and power.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the context of individualism-collectivism cultural dimension of Hofstede,_____ within groups,sections,or business units is valued more in collectivistic cultures.
A) individuality
B) disagreement
C) dissonance
D) harmony
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