Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Perspectives explores the diverse ways in which culture shapes human behavior, beliefs, and social practices around the world. Through a comparative lens, this course examines core cultural concepts such as identity, values, communication, and worldviews, highlighting both differences and similarities across societies. Students will engage with key theoretical frameworks and case studies to analyze how cultural backgrounds influence individuals perceptions, interactions, and problem-solving approaches in an increasingly globalized society. Emphasis is placed on developing cultural awareness, critical thinking, and practical skills for effective intercultural communication and collaboration.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 3rd Edition by Nancy
Bonvillain
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17 Chapters
1573 Verified Questions
1573 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of an endangered language?
A) Yiddish
B) Sanskrit
C) Gaelic
D) Breton
Answer: B
Q2) An approach in anthropology that stresses the importance of analyzing cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologist is
A) holism
B) cultural relativism
C) ethnocentrism
D) comparative perspective
Answer: B
Q3) Early evolutionary schemes for comparing human societies __________.
A) assumed European and American societies to be the most advanced
B) assumed that there were many paths to advancement in evolutionary processes
C) assumed that European societies had become dysfunctional
D) romanticized indigenous cultures as superior to western societies
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Irrigation in ancient Sumer, the Industrial Revolution, and agriculture in the Amazonian rainforest are all examples of __________.
A) the successful use of technology to overcome difficulties in the long run
B) short-term failures
C) cultural practices with long-term maladaptive results
D) cultural stagnation
Answer: C
Q2) Ideas and behaviors so deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or natural.
A) norms
B) cultural cores
C) symbolic systems
D) naturalized concepts
Answer: D
Q3) Western Apache communication styles __________.
A) are very similar to Anglo-American communication styles
B) are in many ways opposed to Anglo-American communication styles
C) are more flamboyant than Anglo-American communication styles
D) are considered invasive by many Anglo-Americans
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Studying Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cultural life histories are __________.
A) historical records on important people in an area
B) long-term research programs that track a culture over many years
C) biographies of individuals within a particular culture
D) voices of people from all the different segments and groups that make up a society
Answer: C
Q2) Functionalism has the shortcoming of overemphasizing __________ at the expense of __________.
A) conflict, stability
B) groups, individuals
C) stability, societal change
D) individuals, groups
Answer: C
Q3) Boas conducted most of his fieldwork __________.
A) in the southwestern United States
B) in central Mexico
C) in the Caribbean
D) on the northwest coast of North America
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language and Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Programs to preserve and teach Native American languages such as the Learning Lodge Institute have the larger goal of __________.
A) preserving Native American cultures through language preservation
B) weaning Native Americans off the use of English
C) teaching Native American languages to non-Native Americans
D) using education for the teaching of language and culture
Q2) What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Why have the most extreme versions of the hypothesis been rejected while milder versions are commonly accepted?
Q3) What is the ethnography of communication? Using an example, give the elements an ethnographer of communication would need to take into account in order to correctly understand and explain a communication event.
Q4) According to Noam Chomsky, there are underlying rules to word order and sentence construction in all languages, which is known as __________.
A) syntax
B) morphology
C) semantics
D) universal grammar
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Chapter 5: Learning Ones Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare early ideas about national character studies to current ideas about the intersection of personality and culture. How have ideas about psychology and personality changed since the early days of anthropology?
Q2) Which of the following is a pervasive means to convey attitudes, values, and behaviors to children?
A) punishment
B) gender socialization
C) personality development
D) storytelling
Q3) A constraint placed on children is __________.
A) they must always be in the presence of an adult
B) they have fewer conversational rights than adults
C) they have no financial power of their own
D) they must find work at the age of 16
Q4) Enculturation begins __________.
A) after the social birth has taken place
B) at about 6 months
C) after about 9 months
D) as soon as a baby is born
Q5) What is an initiation rite and what does it serve? Give an example.
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Chapter 6: Making a Living
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Sample Questions
Q1) Men and women in Zuni and Hopi society have a pattern of gendered allocation of work that functions in what way?
A) Men and women work fields together and share both heavy and light tasks.
B) Men use irrigation farming and women use waffle gardens.
C) Men use waffle gardens and women use irrigation agriculture.
D) Men are responsible for agriculture and women keep domesticated animals.
Q2) Which subsistence strategy yields the highest fertility rates?
A) horticulture
B) foraging
C) pastoralism
D) agriculture
Q3) How does the gender distribution of labor and the ability to own property affect gender relations across cultures and subsistence strategies?
Q4) Possibly the earliest domesticated animal was __________.
A) pigs in China
B) llamas in South America
C) cattle in Africa
D) goats in the Middle East
Q5) What are some of the worldwide effects of industrialized agriculture?
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In contemporary societies, state governments organize networks of redistribution by __________.
A) collecting taxes
B) organizing potlatches
C) accepting donations
D) trade
Q2) Which of the following is an important difference between consumer spending in the developed, versus the developing, world?
A) Developing nations produce goods for much less than developed nations so consumers pay less.
B) When prices are scaled to incomes, there is little difference between consumer spending in the developing and the developed world.
C) Developing nations usually lack an industrial base so they pay more for imported goods than developed nations do.
D) Developed nations produce goods for much less than developing nations so consumers pay less
Q3) List and explain the general features that characterize industrial agriculture.
Q4) List and explain the three kinds of reciprocity and give an example of each.
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Chapter 8: Kinship and Descent
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ganda clans are organized into __________.
A) segmentary lineages
B) moieties
C) phratries
D) totems
Q2) Which of the following differentiates unilineal and bilateral descent groups?
A) Bilateral descent rules lead to more structured groupings than among unilineal descent groupings.
B) Lineages are only part of bilateral descent groups.
C) All cultures practicing unilineal descent rules exemplify all four types of unilineal descent groups.
D) Unilineal descent groupings are more structured than bilateral descent groupings.
Q3) In Ganda society, each clan is associated with particular __________.
A) animals
B) elders
C) mothers
D) ancestors
Q4) In what ways are clans different from lineages? How are the two the same?
Q5) Using Aboriginal Australians as an example, explain totems in kinship systems.
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Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cross-cultural research has shown that societies often engaged in internal warfare tend to be __________.
A) matrilocal
B) patrilocal
C) neolocal
D) bilocal
Q2) Which of the following statements about social fatherhood is false?
A) Social fatherhood may be the same as biological paternity.
B) Social fatherhood is always the same as biological paternity.
C) Social fatherhood describes the status of a man who fulfills the responsibilities of parenting.
D) Social fatherhood may describe a stepfather's relationship with his stepchildren.
Q3) How do levirate and sororate marriages differ? What are the benefits of these systems to family members?
Q4) The incest taboo is the minimal __________ rule.
A) marriage
B) endogamy
C) exogamy
D) polygamy
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Chapter 10: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the distinction between gender and sex. In what ways do the two intersect? In what ways are they different?
Q2) All societies have some sort of taboo against __________.
A) same-sex marriage
B) arranged marriage
C) pre-marital sex
D) incest
Q3) In traditional Chinese society, __________ often acted as "surrogates for male authority."
A) sons
B) local political leaders
C) mothers-in-law
D) daughters
Q4) Cultural constructs are powerful influences on __________ in forming gender identity.
A) children
B) men
C) women
D) society
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Chapter 11: Equality and Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The caste system in India unites hundreds of distinct groupings into __________ varna, or large groups.
A) four
B) six
C) seven
D) nine
Q2) __________ refers to various movements that have attempted to define African ethnic, racial, and transnational identity on a continental level.
A) Afrocentrism
B) Back to Africa
C) Pan-Africanism
D) Out of Africa
Q3) In Samoan society, the heads of extended families are called "matai" and are __________.
A) men
B) women
C) daughters
D) holymen
Q4) Discuss the situation of Burakumin as an outgroup in Japan.
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Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about band societies is false?
A) They are currently located in isolated and marginal areas of the world.
B) Their populations range from twenty-five members to several hundred members.
C) Their leaders are selected on the basis of personal wealth and property ownership.
D) While leaders have some influence, they lack the authority to enforce their will.
Q2) In Hidatsa society male age grades mostly related to __________.
A) buffalo hunting
B) military service
C) religious activities
D) agricultural activities
Q3) One of the few exceptions to chiefdoms as farming societies were the foraging-based chiefdoms of __________.
A) coastal regions of Southern Africa
B) the Amazon Basin
C) Southern India and Bangladesh
D) the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
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Chapter 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is armed aggression and hostilities between groups called?
A) reconciliation
B) warfare
C) deference
D) witchcraft
Q2) How do gender status, household composition, and kinship patterns influence patterns of interfamily violence cross-culturally?
Q3) __________ anthropologists have been heavily involved in aiding indigenous peoples to seek redress for harms done to them by states and corporations.
A) Cultural
B) Biological
C) Legal
D) Linguistic
Q4) What is the role of reciprocity in conflict avoidance? Use the Toraja culture as an example.
Q5) Explain the role of conflict and the avoidance of conflict in dominance hierarchies among primates.
Q6) Describe how conflicts are resolved in Semai society in Malaysia.
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What roles do different types of religious practitioners play in administering to the physical and psychological needs of the ill?
Q2) The Tsembagas of Papua New Guinea practice a complex set of rituals concerning
A) warfare
B) food acquisition
C) weather
D) funeral rites
Q3) The Aztecs of central Mexico believed their sun god thrived on human blood. Therefore, a daily human sacrifice was made, which nearly led to __________.
A) the spread of blood-borne pathogens
B) the downfall of the Aztec Empire
C) the Spanish losing in battle against the Aztecs
D) the Mayans to reign supreme
Q4) Religions include __________ that teach people ethical values and attitudes.
A) superstitions
B) rituals
C) worldviews
D) practices
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ is an example of a Native American tradition that has spread to other areas and become associated with Native Americans in general.
A) powwow
B) rug
C) Sari
D) war dance
Q2) All __________ women carve and decorate some of their own calabashes.
A) Aztec
B) Samaka
C) Diné
D) Maya
Q3) Oral literature includes __________.
A) the stories people tell about their lives
B) stories about the sacred past
C) secular histories
D) anything spoken within a group can be used
Q4) What are the four key characteristics suggested by anthropologist Richard Anderson to define art? Discuss why these characteristics are important in defining art.
Q5) What impacts has tourism had on Toraja society in Indonesia?
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Chapter 16: Colonialism and Cultural Transformations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The British claimed lands based on their principle __________, which allowed them to take the lands of many indigenous communities who were not farmers.
A) that written deeds were the only relevant documents showing ownership
B) that some crops must be planted on private land
C) that to own land one must improve it through labor
D) that national governments have the right to seize any private property
Q2) __________ were estates in the Spanish Americas directly owned by Spanish settlers.
A) Haciendas
B) Encomiendas
C) Mitas
D) Estates
Q3) The __________ system in the Spanish colonies granted the use of land and the labor of any indigenous people on it to soldiers, priests, and settlers.
A) Peonage
B) Hacienda
C) Feudal
D) Encomienda
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Chapter 17: Living in a Global World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Labor migration has increased in the twentieth century in part due to __________.
A) warfare
B) industrialization
C) the ability of refugees to seek asylum
D) faster maritime transportation
Q2) All of the following EXCEPT __________ pose serious threats to Amazonian Indians, both by pushing them off their land and by killing them.
A) multinational corporations
B) the Brazilian government
C) settlers
D) cattle ranchers
Q3) Groups of labor migrants in new countries may eventually be a source of which of the following?
A) political instability
B) poverty
C) homogenization
D) ethnogenesis
Q4) What are the reasons for continuing increases of rural to urban migration?
Q5) What are the promises and dangers to indigenous peoples of ecotourism?
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