Cross-Cultural Communication Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Communication explores the interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, emphasizing the influence of cultural norms, values, beliefs, and communication styles on understanding and misunderstanding in personal and professional contexts. The course examines verbal and nonverbal communication, cultural identity, intercultural relationships, and strategies for overcoming barriers to effective communication. Students gain knowledge and practical skills for navigating cultural differences, fostering inclusion, and promoting mutual respect in an increasingly interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology An Applied Perspective 9th Edition by Gary Ferraro
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16 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Anthropology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Medical anthropology most often draws upon research from:
A) anthropological linguistics and cultural anthropology.
B) archaeology and physical anthropology.
C) physical anthropology and cultural anthropology.
D) archaeology and cultural anthropology.
E) anthropological linguistics and archaeology.
Answer: C
Q2) The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of its own culture is called:
A) cultural relativism.
B) the etic approach.
C) the emic approach.
D) ethnocentrism.
E) holism.
Answer: A
Q3) A degree of ethnocentrism is found among all peoples and cultures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Concept of Culture
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Q1) Some people in the world have tattoos,use scarification or wear bones in their noses because:
A) they don't understand the harm they do to their bodies.
B) they have a distorted concept of beauty.
C) they do it as part of their religious practice.
D) their culture tells them that it looks good.
E) it is used as a status symbol to attract sexual partners.
Answer: D
Q2) The American Anthropological Association has taken the official position that humans are born with a built-in culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture:
A) often leads to the experience of culture shock.
B) is never difficult for an educated person.
C) is relatively easy if you have read a book about that culture. D) may lead to physical distress but not psychological distress.
E) creates mild psychological stress.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is applied anthropology associated with problem-oriented research?
Answer: The goal is to assist in addressing societal problems.
Q2) Applied anthropology includes all of the following except:
A) postmodern anthropology.
B) advocacy anthropology.
C) practical anthropology.
D) development anthropology.
E) action anthropology.
Answer: A
Q3) Applied anthropologist Penny Van Esterik played what role is the Nestle controversy?
A) trainer
B) culture broker
C) planner
D) advocate
E) expert witness
Answer: D
Q4) What is the process that is involved in becoming a professional practicing anthropologist?
Answer: The most customary process is to complete a Ph.D.in Anthropology.
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Chapter 4: The Growth of Anthropological Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was the source of most of Murray's cultural barriers in his work for reforestation in Haiti?
A) Local people did not value trees.
B) Local farmers had to be convinced that trees were like any other cash crop.
C) Local farmers did not want to convert large areas of farmland into forests.
D) The government did not permit foreigners to directly advise local villagers.
E) Murray did not speak the language.
Q2) What three aspects do cultural materialists consider the most important parts of cultural systems?
Q3) There are several significant differences between functionalism and structural functionalism.Discuss these differences and then discuss why these theories are considered part of the same theoretical school of thought.
Q4) Leslie White,in his theory,focused on the harnessing of energy and:
A) the relationship of ideology to environment.
B) the relationship between the structure of the human brain and the development of technology.
C) humans' use of technology to "capture energy."
D) the productive nature of human labor.
E) the expression of human personality.
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Chapter 5: Methods in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) What is participant-observation? What demands does this method make on the anthropologist and the population with which she or he is working?
Q2) Which statement about data collection used in anthropology is correct?
A) Participant-observation always is appropriate for cross-cultural research.
B) Methods that work in one culture might not be appropriate for a neighboring culture.
C) Photography is appropriate only in public settings.
D) Structured interviews should always be used early in the fieldwork.
E) A variety of methods ensures that the research data will not contain bias.
Q3) What are the methodological advantages of photography?
Q4) Research grants for ethnographic fieldwork are awarded:
A) on a highly competitive basis.
B) to all deserving students of anthropology.
C) to all students in graduate programs of anthropology.
D) but few anthropologists actually do research overseas today.
E) to those who do work in biomedical research.
Q5) The ethnographic interview is usually quite narrow in scope and focus.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are some of the symptoms of culture shock?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) When he is at school,a Hispanic teenager will likely use English as his primary language,while at home,his family may encourage him to speak Spanish.This linguistic process is known as:
A) linguistic borrowing.
B) language doublespeak.
C) cultural emphasis.
D) diglossia.
E) code switching.
Q2) The meanings attached to any given word in all languages are totally:
A) specific.
B) arbitrary.
C) culturally-based.
D) displaced.
E) organic by nature.
Q3) Syntax is the set of principles guiding how words are arranged into phrases and sentences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the three unique attributes of human language?
Q5) What is diglossia?
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Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns
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Q1) Discuss the nature of human adaptation.By what means do humans adapt to their environments? Provide examples.
Q2) According to your text,environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to:
A) less soil erosion.
B) a decrease in plant and animal diversity.
C) a decrease in deforestation rates.
D) a reduction in soil and water contamination.
E) a decrease in fuel and machinery costs.
Q3) Domestication negatively affected human health patterns.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some noticeable changes in food-getting strategies since the late eighteenth century?
Q5) The food-getting strategy used by humans for most of their existence is:
A) cattle herding.
B) intensive agriculture.
C) horticulture.
D) hunting and gathering.
E) cultivation.
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Chapter 8: Economics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Food collecting communities' control of land rights:
A) is uniform in all food collecting societies. B) is learned from contact with the surrounding societies (they tend to follow the same rules).
C) varies because in some societies territorial boundaries between bands or families are rigorously maintained.
D) is likely to continue long into the future in spite of contact with outside societies. E) tends to be more legalistic when these communities are part of a state society.
Q2) What are the different concepts of property rights associated with each of the following: food collectors,pastoralists,horticulturalists,and industrialization?
Q3) Which of the following has not become globalized?
A) production
B) distribution
C) manufacturing
D) design
E) all of these have become globalized
Q4) Compare and contrast the chief with the Big Man.
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10
Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) Incest avoidance can have positive social advantages by forcing people to marry outside of their immediate family,thereby:
A) developing a stronger set of relationships within their own family than a wider network of interfamily alliances.
B) creating relationships with people with whom they are likely to cooperate.
C) creating relationships with more people with whom they are likely to become hostile.
D) creating a smaller gene pool.
E) increasing the incidence of recessive traits.
Q2) In the majority of cultures of the world,polygyny is:
A) the preferred form of marriage.
B) practiced by the majority of wealthy men in the world.
C) less common than polyandry.
D) considered by anthropologists to be less moral than monogamy.
E) a form of marriage in which the man exerts his domination over the women.
Q3) The practice of sororal polygyny tends to maximize stress and competition within the family.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Kinship and Descent
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cross-culturally,most kinship systems:
A) provide few links between successive generations.
B) provide few ties across a single generation.
C) provide links between successive generations and ties across a single generation.
D) only link successive generations and do not tie across generations.
E) provides links and ties to all members of a family regardless of biology.
Q2) What are the six indicators of the corporate nature of unilineal descent groups?
Q3) The post-marital residence pattern characterized by the couple living with or near the parents of the bride is called:
A) patrilocal.
B) bilocal.
C) matrilocal.
D) neolocal.
E) avunculocal.
Q4) Neolocal residence is associated exclusively with food-collecting societies.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How is the term matriarchy distinct from the term matrilineal?
Q6) List and describe the five primary residences rules.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sex and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the Dani of New Guinea,there is a low sexual expressiveness as a cultural norm.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is gender stratification? If women are not allowed to hold important positions in religious activities,does that indicate stratification? Does the prohibition of women from the same economic activities as men always indicate stratification?
Q3) According to Deborah Tannen,women in the U.S.engage in "report talk" while men engage in "rapport talk."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Expected ways of behaving based on a society's definition of masculinity and femininity is called:
A) the sexual division of labor.
B) human sexuality.
C) gender.
D) sexual roles.
E) gender roles.
Q5) What is gender ideology?
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Chapter 12: Social Stratification
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Q1) Race refers to:
A) a group of people sharing similar cultural traits.
B) a group of people sharing similar beliefs and ideologies.
C) nothing more than a statistical statement about the occurrence of physical traits.
D) three specific categories: Mongoloid, Negroid, and Caucasoid.
E) the accumulation of all physical differences between any two populations.
Q2) An example of genocide was the "ethnic cleansing" of the Serbian forces under President Slobodan Milosevic.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Economic inequality is greatest among:
A) the Ju/'hoansi.
B) the Inuit.
C) the people of the United States.
D) the Nuer.
E) the people of Bolivia.
Q4) Primogeniture is the exclusive right of the eldest son to his father's estate.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Political Organization and Social Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Band societies are usually:
A) settled populations.
B) tightly organized under hereditary leaders.
C) found to have considerable political integration.
D) highly egalitarian.
E) food producers.
Q2) Robert Pape's study of suicide attacks shows that more than 95% of all suicide attacks worldwide have been in response to:
A) economic injustice.
B) moral imperative.
C) U.S. military policy.
D) religious commands.
E) social needs.
Q3) Political organization involves cultural arrangements to minimize disruption and maintain order.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name four reasons that foraging societies rarely go to war.
Q5) What is a nation-state?
Q6) What is the primary difference between rebellion and revolution?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Supernatural Beliefs
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Q1) Which of the following is false about liberation theology,which developed during the 1970s and 1980s in South America?
A) It is an activist form of Catholicism.
B) It has led to many deaths but very little substantial change in society.
C) It merged theology with an activism for social justice for the poor.
D) It led many priests and nuns to lose their lives in political conflict.
E) It is a militant form of religion.
Q2) The Kikuyu initiation ritual:
A) involves no physical operation other than the scarring of women and men's elbows.
B) does not involve the separation of the initiates from their former status.
C) involves the incorporation of the initiate back into the society as a whole.
D) is held every twenty years in order to initiate one generation at a time.
E) occurs on evenings in which there is a full moon.
Q3) Rites of solidarity are directed toward the welfare of:
A) the entire community.
B) individual members of the community.
C) the group's shaman.
D) the group's leader.
E) the family as a unit.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dance___________________________.
A) has been defined as purposeful and intentionally rhythmical nonverbal body movements
B) is culturally patterned and has aesthetic value
C) may expresses political concerns
D) involves nonverbal body movements
E) all of these choices are correct.
Q2) Folktales:
A) do not have a plot and character development.
B) can be analyzed in terms of plot, character development, and structure.
C) are generally the recognized works of a specific author.
D) play little or no role in socialization.
E) are associated exclusively with small-scale societies.
Q3) Art throughout the world has countless functions beyond providing aesthetic pleasure.What are some other functions of art? Illustrate from a number of cultures including your own.
Q4) Myths are untrue narratives that result from ignorance of history.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What negative impact can art have for the artist and the viewer?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Modern World Order, Global Challenges, and
the Role of Applied Anthropology
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Q1) The levels of greenhouse gases have increased 35% since the start of the industrial period.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the primary role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?
Q3) All of the following were large European colonizers except:
A) England.
B) France.
C) Belgium.
D) Italy.
E) Netherlands.
Q4) Globalization is defined by:
A) a revolution in high-speed information technology.
B) privatizing and deregulating national economies.
C) the lowering of tariff barriers worldwide.
D) the rise of fundamentalism in some countries.
E) all of these choices.
Q5) Discuss and provide examples of the importance of groups such as Cultural Survival.
Page 18
Q6) What are some of the negative consequences of economic development programs?
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Page 19