Critical Issues in Nursing
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores contemporary challenges and debates within the nursing profession, focusing on how social, ethical, legal, and technological factors influence nursing practice and healthcare delivery. Students critically examine topics such as patient advocacy, healthcare policy, cultural competence, interprofessional collaboration, and the impact of emerging health technologies. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking skills and ethical decision-making abilities as students analyze current trends, address disparities, and propose evidence-based solutions to complex issues facing nurses in a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape.
Recommended Textbook
Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing 3rd Canadian Edition by Margaret Burkhardt
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19 Chapters
317 Verified Questions
317 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Social, Philosophical, and Other Historical Forces
Influencing the Development of Nursing
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After the First and Second World Wars, the Canadian Red Cross Society and nursing groups noted an important trend in health care that is still articulated in the Lalonde and Romanow report. What is that trend?
A)the formation of nursing groups such as the CNA and professional organizations
B)the political and economic action taken to correct the wrongs suffered by the military
C)the establishment of governments' social and political responsibility in health care
D)the need for strong, well-established public health programs, health education, and care of those living in poverty
Answer: D
Q2) What does the term empirical relate to?
A)serving God and thy neighbour the best way one can
B)knowledge gained through observation and experience
C)healing through religious intervention, chanting, and praying
D)the enforcement of religious doctrine related to the status of women in society
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Ethical Theory
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse performs CPR on a choking patient and in the process breaks the sternum, which then leads to the patient's death. Which ethical theory would say that the nurse's actions were inherently good because of the intent, regardless of the outcome?
A)deontology
B)naturalism
C)rationalism
D)utilitarianism
Answer: A
Q2) Which ethical theory, when applied, would most likely lead to making meals for a needy family?
A)rationalism
B)naturalism
C)virtue ethics
D)deontology
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Ethical Principles
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which principle of the Canada Health Act entitles 100 percent of the insured residents of a province or territory to health services?
A)comprehensiveness
B)universality
C)accessibility
D)public administration
Answer: B
Q2) The emergency room team decides that the most critically ill patient will be treated first. Which of the following ethical principles is illustrated by the decision-making process in this case?
A)respect for persons
B)justice
C)beneficence
D)autonomy
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Values Clarification
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can values best be defined?
A)as principles of right or wrong
B)as ideals, beliefs, customs, and modes of conduct
C)as self-knowledge and the willingness to express that awareness
D)as reflections upon and evaluations of one's own experiences
Q2) A nurse was not happy with the outcome of a moral dilemma she witnessed, and worries constantly about the consequences for the patient. What may the nurse be experiencing?
A)moral awareness
B)moral thought
C)moral distress
D)moral values
Q3) What is the correct terminology for the process of becoming more conscious of and expressing what we value or consider worthy?
A)journaling
B)values clarification
C)overt values
D)values conflict
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6
Chapter 5: Values Development
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Kohlberg and Gilligan, which of the following is the final stage in an adult's values development?
A)universal consideration
B)renewed perspective
C)perceived authority
D)general consensus
Q2) A postpartum patient, living in Canada for a year, resists the nurse's health teaching regarding birth control. What is this an example of?
A)The patient is exhibiting evidence that she is in Gilligan's Phase 1.
B)There are gender differences in moral decision making.
C)There are transcultural considerations in values development.
D)Women will focus, according to Kohlberg, on relational stages.
Q3) Which of the following statements best summarizes Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
A)an ethic of autonomy where personal freedom to choose what is right for the self is highlighted
B)an ethic of justice where personal liberty and rights are primary
C)an ethic of fidelity where the valuing of truth develops as we mature
D)an ethic of care which is grounded in relationships and mutual responsibility
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethical Decision Making
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Thomas and Waluchow, which of the following is an example of a pre-reflective statement in response to a moral question?
A)"Abortion should never happen because it is murder."
B)"Abortion is a difficult concept to accept for many because of the social values we place on life."
C)"I disagree with abortion because it will directly cause death. My spiritual beliefs prohibit this based on protecting sanctity of life."
D)"Abortion is morally permissible because the rights of the pregnant woman take priority over the right of the fetus."
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a moral dilemma?
A)A nurse who is accustomed to working on the prenatal unit floats to the ER on an extremely busy shift.
B)A nurse who has strong religious beliefs opposing abortion is assigned to assist with an elective abortion.
C)The family of a terminally ill patient on life support suffering from severe, intractable pain refuses to discuss the withdrawal of supportive treatment.
D)A patient has a cardiopulmonary arrest when the suction apparatus fails.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Legal Issues
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are the majority of lawsuits against nurses and other health care professionals classified?
A)as accidental claims
B)as unintentional tort
C)as civil law
D)as indictable offences
Q2) What is the term used to define formal laws written and enacted by a federal or provincial legislature?
A)statutory law
B)constitutional law
C)administrative law
D)common law
Q3) Which of the following terms would apply to an employer placing the label "Unwanted Persons" at the top of a hospital bulletin board and placing a photograph of a nurse on the bulletin board under the label?
A)fraud
B)defamation
C)libel
D)slander
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Professional Issues
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the foremost law that governs the regulation of nursing?
A)Coordination and Patient Choice Act
B)Controlled Acts Model
C)Scope of Practice Statute
D)Professions of Medicine Law
Q2) Which of the following terms relates to the characteristic of having a high level of specialized skill and knowledge?
A)profession
B)expertise
C)wisdom
D)authority
Q3) Which documents, developed within the profession as a guide for providing nursing care, can also be used as a consistent baseline to measure the practice of individual nurses?
A)external standards of nursing practice
B)internal standards of nursing practice
C)codes of nursing ethics
D)scope of practice statutes
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10
Chapter 9: Professional Relationship Issues
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements best describes the physician-nurse relationship in a hospital setting?
A)The physician is the nurse's "boss," and the nurse is obligated to follow the physician's orders.
B)The physician has total autonomy. The nurse is a limited moral agent.
C)Facility policies and procedures determine the nature and extent of each person's moral agency.
D)Both the nurse and the physician are autonomous moral agents whose primary obligation is owed to the patient.
Q2) A nurse chooses to go without lunch so that a patient can be taken outside to get a newspaper and a strong cup of coffee. Which of the following terms best applies to this situation?
A)self-sacrifice
B)beneficence
C)non-maleficence
D)obligation
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11
Chapter 10: Practice Issues Related to End Of Life Care
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for instructions designating someone to act as a surrogate in a very specific context if one loses decision-making capacity?
A)guardian ad litem
B)advance directives
C)self-determination
D)do not resuscitate
Q2) In which circumstance does Curtin suggest that artificial sources of nutrition may be terminated?
A)when utilizing other technologies at the end of life
B)when there is a reliable prediction of permanent unconsciousness
C)when other interventions will relieve a patient's suffering
D)when changes in the patient's condition will eventually lead to starvation
Q3) To appropriately utilize health care technology, what must health care providers, patients, and families understand?
A)its purpose, benefits, and limitations
B)its cost, availability, and usefulness
C)its outcomes, benefits, and costs
D)its risks, availability, and purpose
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12
Chapter 11: Practice Issues Related to Patient
Self-Determination
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does a nurse's advocacy role regarding a patient's advance directives (AD) include?
A)making sure that the patient is not resuscitated in a cardiac arrest situation
B)telling patients about changes in their condition so they can modify their AD
C)informing health team members about healthcare decisions when the patient cannot do so
D)informing health team members of the content of a patient's AD
Q2) Which of the following actions are part of the nurse's role and responsibilities in informed consent?
A)verifying that the patient is aware of options and the implications of each option
B)providing recommendations about care to the patient
C)explaining the procedure to the patient when the doctor cannot do so
D)signing as a witness attesting that the patient is unable to give consent
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Chapter 12: Scholarship Issues
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which document was developed to set forth principles for the ethical conduct of research in response to human rights violations during the Second World War?
A)World Humanities Research
B)CNA Code of Ethics
C)Nuremberg Code
D)Declaration of Helsinki
Q2) What are two core values basic to academic honesty and to ethical treatment of research data?
A)plagiarism and cheating
B)cheating and fidelity
C)beneficence and integrity
D)veracity and fidelity
Q3) Which of the following examples would be considered a vulnerable population needing special consideration in research protocols?
A)17-year-old male high school students
B)21-year-old female university students
C)65-year-old males with heart disease
D)41-year-old incarcerated females
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14
Chapter 13: The Future of Canadian Health Care:
Challenges and Priorities
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which Act gives provinces the authority over health care, but gives the federal government the responsibility to fund it?
A)Medicare Act, 1946
B)Constitution Act, 1982
C)British North America Act
D)Saskatchewan Medical Care Insurance Act
Q2) What is the concern about the term "medically necessary"?
A)There is a lack of clear definition, which creates inequities among the provinces.
B)There are different magnitudes of necessary, making decisions difficult.
C)What is medically necessary differs across ages and genders, and within medical diagnoses and concerns.
D)It is difficult to set out guidelines because physicians and nurses have very different opinions.
Q3) What report emphasized the need for primary health care reform in Canada?
A)Drummond Report
B)Declaration of Alma-Ata
C)Romanow Report
D)Quinquennial Report
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Chapter 14: Health Policy Issues
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for plans of action that guide the actions of governments, institutions, corporations, and communities?
A)common law
B)policies
C)legislation
D)torts
Q2) Which of the following describes the most effective type of letter sent to a policy-maker in a lobbying campaign?
A)a long emotional plea that is very thorough and explanatory and includes many examples
B)a form letter with a handwritten salutation and signature
C)a concise handwritten letter written in your own words, using your own thoughts and logic
D)a letter that includes a list of all topics of interest to nurses in your area
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a federal regulatory Act in Canada?
A)Assisted Human Reproductive Act
B)Future of Health Care Act
C)Canadian Policy Research Act
D)Canada Health Act
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Economic Issues
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for an out-of-pocket payment that some provinces still require?
A)fee for service
B)premium
C)allied service fee
D)voluntary health fee
Q2) What is a natural consequence of utilitarian forms of health care financing?
A)Resources and services will be distributed equally.
B)Some people will not receive resources and services.
C)The people with the greatest need will receive the bulk of resources and services.
D)People who have greater personal resources will receive greater benefit.
Q3) Which of the following health care financing systems has a strong focus on the principle of autonomy?
A)fee for service
B)managed care
C)universal health insurance
D)single payer systems
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Chapter 16: Social Issues
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following health-related issues should nursing care and policy address?
A)social exclusion
B)financial resources
C)intimate-partner violence
D)higher mortality rates
Q2) Which kind of precarious housing is being experienced by a young adult who moves frequently between the homes of family members and friends?
A)roaming homelessness
B)relative homelessness
C)short-term homelessness
D)hidden homelessness
Q3) Which of the following social determinants is extremely important for nurses to consider in the holistic care of any patient?
A)healthy relationships
B)chronic medical conditions
C)unhealthy diet
D)level of education
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18
Chapter 17: Issues of Gender and Culture
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for knowing about the values, beliefs, behaviours, norms, and customs of a patient who comes from a culture other than your own?
A)cultural awareness
B)cultural sensitivity
C)ethnocentrism
D)cultural competence
Q2) Which of the following is a major limiting factor for men still entering the profession of nursing?
A)collective bargaining
B)pay gap
C)societal stereotyping
D)caring behaviours
Q3) Which of the following governs employment equity and equal pay for equal work as a right protected in provinces across Canada?
A)Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
B)Equal Wages Guidelines
C)Pay Gap Act
D)Fair-Labour Legislation
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19
Chapter 18: Rural, Remote, and Indigenous Nursing in Canada
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What health issue is more likely to be found in rural communities?
A)higher rates of infectious diseases
B)lower rates of "healthy heart" practices
C)overall poor nutrition
D)higher levels of stress
Q2) Which of the following best defines Indigenous nursing?
A)nurses working in outpost settings and northern territories
B)nurses with specialized knowledge, affirmed by a faith community
C)Indigenous persons who work as nurses
D)nurses who work in Indigenous communities
Q3) Which of the following statements applies to Canadians living in a rural environment?
A)More new immigrants and visible minorities live in rural areas.
B)People are more ethnically diverse.
C)People have a wider variety of opportunities.
D)Families tend to have lower incomes.
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Chapter 19: Empowerment for Nurses
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A student nurse shares at a meeting following clinical that he feels that the nurse he was working with that day was very critical and he felt "shut down" and bullied. What is this an example of?
A)the rite of passage all new nurses must go through to obtain respect from the senior nurses
B)the process during nursing school that helps to toughen new nurses up to the realities of nursing
C)how the world, regardless of profession, socializes the young into the work world
D)an environment that is not doing enough to create safe, supportive, and empowering work environments
Q2) Which of the following does the process of motivating and empowering individuals and groups require?
A)positive self-esteem
B)protectionism
C)attitude of superiority
D)obligations of beneficence
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