Critical Issues in Nursing Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Critical Issues in Nursing is a course designed to explore contemporary challenges and ethical dilemmas faced by nursing professionals in todays rapidly evolving healthcare environment. Students will examine a range of topics including patient safety, healthcare policy, cultural competence, legal responsibilities, and the impact of emerging technologies. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, reflective practice, and evidence-based decision making. Through case studies, discussions, and analysis of current events, students will develop the skills necessary to navigate and address the complex issues that influence nursing practice and patient care outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing 2nd Canadian Edition by Margaret A. Burkhardt
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19 Chapters
286 Verified Questions
286 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Social, Philosophical, and Other Historical Forces
Influencing the Development of Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why does the social status of women affect the status of the nursing profession?
A) Nursing has traditionally been a profession of women.
B) Throughout history, nurses have been afforded higher social status.
C) Women of higher social status rarely become nurses.
D) Women are more skilled than men at nurturing others.
Answer: A
Q2) What historical influences affected nursing as a moral discipline?
A) technology
B) society
C) spirituality
D) oppression
Answer: C
Q3) When was the "Dark Period of Nursing," when convalescent patients, prostitutes, prisoners, and drunkards provided hospital nursing care?
A) during the Reformation
B) during the Crusades
C) during the Middle Ages
D) during the early Christian era
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Ethical Theory
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Q1) What kind of philosophy is a nurse engaged in when debating what is considered good or bad, right or wrong?
A) empathy
B) sympathy
C) moral
D) virtualism
Answer: C
Q2) Which type of moral theory, rigidly applied, would most likely lead a person to consider euthanasia morally wrong, even when it is done to end the pain and suffering of a patient?
A) deontology
B) virtue ethics
C) naturalism
D) utilitarianism
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethical Principles
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Q1) Which principle of the Canada Health Act entitles 100 percent of the insured residents of a province or territory to health services?
A) comprehensiveness
B) universality
C) accessibility
D) public administration
Answer: B
Q2) Which principle of the Canada Health Act requires that residents moving from one province or territory to another must continue to be covered for insured health care services?
A) comprehensiveness
B) portability
C) accessibility
D) public administration
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Values Clarification
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse used to love her job but now frequently exhibits anger, dissatisfaction, frustration, and poor work performance. What may she be experiencing?
A) moral awareness
B) moral thought
C) moral distress
D) moral values
Q2) When the values of the nurse and those of the institution are different, which of the following will the nurse likely experience?
A) incongruencies with personal values
B) judgment of values being imposed
C) divergence of moral beliefs and restraints
D) commitment to develop more awareness
Q3) What is an institution's mission statement a reflection of?
A) overt values
B) formal values
C) covert values
D) integral values
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Chapter 5: Values Development
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Q1) What does Phase 2 of Gilligan's study of the psychological development of women include?
A) a sense of goodness as self-sacrifice, in which the needs of others are often put ahead of self
B) a concern about the reaction of others as a basis for decisions and behaviour
C) reflecting a movement into a world beyond the family and a deep appreciation of connectedness
D) a deep appreciation of connectedness, including responsibility to self and others as moral equals, and a clear imperative to harm no one
Q2) What are the key factors associated with Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A) relationships and logic
B) responsibility and caring
C) personal liberty and rights
D) reciprocity and equality
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Chapter 6: Ethical Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) When does moral uncertainty occur?
A) when we sense that there is a moral problem, but are not sure of the morally correct action
B) when someone else in the health care setting performs an act the nurse believes to be immoral
C) when two or more mutually exclusive moral claims clearly apply
D) when participants disagree on the appropriate course of action
Q2) According to Thomas and Waluchow, which of the following is an example of a pre-reflective statement in response to a moral question?
A) "Abortion should never happen because it is murder."
B) "Abortion is a difficult concept to accept for many because of the social values we place on life."
C) "I disagree with abortion because it will directly cause death. My spiritual beliefs prohibit this on the basis of protecting sanctity of life."
D) "Abortion is morally permissible because the rights of the pregnant woman take priority over the right of the fetus."
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Chapter 7: Legal Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which law deals with the rights and obligations between two or more people who make agreements that can be enforced by law?
A) tort law
B) public law
C) contract law
D) private law
Q2) Which of the following terms would apply to an employer placing the label "Unwanted Persons" at the top of a hospital bulletin board and placing a photograph of a nurse on the bulletin board under the label?
A) fraud
B) defamation
C) libel
D) slander
Q3) Which of the following terms is best defined as "acting in a heinous, reckless, or extreme way, and bringing about mental or psychological pain"?
A) defamation of character
B) intentional infliction of emotional distress
C) invasion of privacy
D) false imprisonment
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Professional Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one of the benefits of nurses contributing to the growing body of unique nursing knowledge and research?
A) It empowers nurses.
B) It ensures that members conduct ongoing competency reviews.
C) It permits autonomy in nursing affairs.
D) It aids in validating nursing as a true profession.
Q2) According to the Canadian Nurses Association, which of the following is one of the four principles that must be included in any practice statement?
A) to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration
B) to conduct ongoing competency reviews
C) to review ethical implications for institutions that allow nurses to practice
D) to acknowledge that nursing is a diversified group of professionals
Q3) Which documents, developed within the profession as a guide for providing nursing care, can also be used as a consistent baseline to measure the practice of individual nurses?
A) external standards of nursing practice
B) internal standards of nursing practice
C) codes of nursing ethics
D) scope of practice statutes
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Professional Relationship Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A staff nurse suspects that her friend, another nurse on her unit, is impaired by illicit drugs. The nurse does not want to get her friend in trouble, but she fears that patients may be harmed. What is this conflict of loyalties an example of?
A) a moral dilemma
B) a practical dilemma
C) moral uncertainty
D) moral distress
Q2) A nurse attempts to perform a urinary catheterization on a patient who is unable to void. The novice nurse is nervous and is unable to accurately catheterize the client. An experienced nurse storms into the patient's room, grabs the catheter out of the nurse's hands and loudly proclaims, "What's wrong with you, haven't you ever done this before?!" What definition best exemplifies this situation?
A) moral integrity
B) poor leadership
C) self-discipline
D) eating their young
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Chapter 10: Practice Issues Related to End-Of-Life Care
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Q1) According to Taylor (1950), how might the subject of medical futility be approached?
A) whether the intervention is prolonging living or prolonging dying
B) as non-beneficial, with involvement of parties regarding what is benefit or burden C) as treatment valued by the patient but not medically indicated D) that only the perspective of the physician determines what is a futile measure
Q2) How can withholding or removing treatments where the burden or harm to the person is determined to outweigh the benefits be viewed?
A) as allowing the person to die as a result of the natural progression of the disease process
B) as causing the painless death of the person in order to end or prevent more suffering C) as providing the person the means to end his or her own life when he or she is ready to die
D) as following the directives to avoid suffering included in do not resuscitate orders
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Chapter 11: Practice Issues Related to Patient
Self-Determination
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the definition of competence?
A) a legal action physicians can impose on patients who are elderly and confused
B) the ability of a patient to understand medical options and treatment
C) a legal ruling regarding a person's ability to make meaningful life decisions
D) the ability of a patient to communicate about current events
Q2) Which source document acknowledges the importance of living wills and clearly identifies promoting and respecting informed decision making?
A) Substitute Decision Maker Proxy
B) Code of Ethics
C) Lifestyle Choices Policy
D) Advance Directives Act
Q3) A patient is refusing to participate in his plan of care. The nurse is aware that the patient's refusal will negatively affect his health outcome. According to the Canadian Nurses Association Code of Ethics, what must the nurse take into consideration?
A) that the patient's unhealthy life practices require further allocation of resources
B) that the nurse has the right to refuse to continue care
C) that the quality of nursing care must NOT be affected
D) that the plan of care should NOT be revised
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Chapter 12: Scholarship Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does a nurse researcher include in the research protocol to protect human rights?
A) the right to have no risk involved
B) the right to be assigned to any group
C) the right to autonomy
D) the right to free medical care
Q2) What are two core values basic to academic honesty and to ethical treatment of research data?
A) plagiarism and cheating
B) cheating and fidelity
C) beneficence and integrity
D) veracity and fidelity
Q3) A nurse researcher decides to discontinue a research project because the findings indicate that the risks of the study outweigh the benefits. Which principle is the nurse researcher applying?
A) beneficence
B) justice
C) trustworthiness
D) confidentiality
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Future of Canadian Health Care:
Challenges and Priorities
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Q1) Accessibility is one of the five key features of the Canada Health Act. Which of the following is NOT directly addressed in the Act?
A) reasonable access for citizens without financial barriers
B) extra billing and user fees for citizens
C) geographical accessibility
D) providing equitable care for all citizens
Q2) The main goal of primary health care is health for all in a community, and the involvement of individuals and groups in communities. What is another key element of primary health care?
A) illness prevention
B) problem-based care
C) universal health care
D) intersectoral collaboration
Q3) What report emphasized the need for primary health care reform in Canada?
A) Drummond Report
B) Declaration of Alma-Ata
C) Romanow Report
D) Quinquennial Report
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Chapter 14: Health Policy Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for issues that are created, affected, or regulated by any of the government branches?
A) political issues
B) partisan issues
C) health policy issues
D) regulatory issues
Q2) A nurses' organization decides to work toward legislation that would limit mandatory overtime in the workplace. The group mobilizes large numbers of nurses and community volunteers to write letters and make personal contact with legislators. What is the term for this form of political activism?
A) en masse lobbying
B) partisan lobbying
C) grassroots lobbying
D) political lobbying
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a federal regulatory act in Canada?
A) Assisted Human Reproductive Act
B) Future of Health Care Act
C) Canadian Policy Research Act
D) Canada Health Act
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Economic Issues
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Q1) What is one of the ethical problems associated with the traditional fee-for-service system that medicine is predominantly driven by?
A) overutilization
B) privatization
C) privileges
D) opportunities
Q2) Which of the following health care financing systems has a strong focus on the principle of autonomy?
A) fee for service
B) managed care
C) universal health insurance
D) single payer systems
Q3) Which of the following is an example of the element of privatization in Canadian health care?
A) a national "drug agency" to oversee and monitor pharmaceutical activity
B) laundry services outsourced to private companies
C) integration between "pharmacare" and medicare
D) national platform for home care
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17
Chapter 16: Social Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Raphael, what is one reason that Canadians should be concerned with economic inequality and poverty?
A) It may strain the health care system and social safety net of the country.
B) It requires a close partnership with a wide range of stakeholders.
C) It creates hurdles in health care policy.
D) It impacts the ability to maintain good health.
Q2) Which of the following can get in the way when working with vulnerable groups?
A) self-determination
B) language that colours speech and actions
C) exploring personal beliefs
D) inadequate research
Q3) Which of the following challenges is an important structural issue in health care?
A) abortion
B) research
C) pandemics
D) poverty
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Chapter 17: Issues of Gender and Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a major limiting factor for men still entering into the profession of nursing?
A) collective bargaining
B) pay gap
C) societal stereotyping
D) caring behaviours
Q2) When are transcultural issues and conflicts more likely to arise?
A) when nurses are aware of their own biases and judgments of others
B) when nurses judge other people's behaviour by their own cultural values
C) when nurses understand their own cultural beliefs and values
D) when nurses avoid judging others based on preconceived ideas
Q3) What is the term for the gender division of labour pertaining to nurses and physician and how they relate to each other in health care settings?
A) physician-nurse relations
B) mean-spiritedness
C) the doctor-nurse game
D) male domination
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Chapter 18: Rural and Aboriginal Nursing in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO) identify as one of the eight attributes of nursing professional practice?
A) collegiality
B) consistency
C) accessibility
D) predictability
Q2) A nurse in a small rural hospital is out grocery shopping and is asked the following in the check-out lane: "How is Sarah doing? Was the operation successful?" Which of the following statements must the nurse be aware of when working in a rural community?
A) Talking about patients to members in a small community is a cultural norm.
B) The confidentiality of patients' information must be protected.
C) Being fully embedded as a nurse in a small community involves discussing all patients.
D) Providing holistic nursing care in a rural setting implies overlap of a nurses' role patients.
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20
Chapter 19: Empowerment for Nurses
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Sample Questions
Q1) What nursing focus does patient empowerment evolve from?
A) advocacy
B) patient care
C) paternalism
D) locus of control
Q2) Which of the following nursing attitudes enables patient empowerment?
A) surrendering the need for control
B) directing patients toward decisions that support good health outcomes
C) encouraging patients to value nursing trust
D) providing services for patients
Q3) Which of the following does the process of motivating and empowering individuals and groups require?
A) positive self-esteem
B) protectionism
C) attitude of superiority
D) obligations of beneficence
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