Criminology Research Methods
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Criminology Research Methods introduces students to the foundational techniques and principles used to study crime and criminal justice issues systematically. The course covers a range of research methodologies including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches emphasizing the design, implementation, and analysis of criminological research. Students learn about data collection strategies such as surveys, interviews, field observations, and official statistics, as well as the ethical considerations essential to research in this field. Through practical assignments and case studies, students gain critical skills to assess existing research, formulate research questions, and conduct their own investigations into patterns and causes of criminal behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 8th Edition by Chava Frankfort Nachmias
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12 Chapters
614 Verified Questions
614 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The What and the Why of Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) An organized and elaborate conceptual scheme that serves to explain how social attributes and events are patterned or related is called a A)law.
B)theory.
C)hypothesis.
D)variable.
Answer: B
Q2) Imagine that you are interested in studying the working habits of young adults.You hypothesize that persons first married in their twenties tend to work an average of 5 hours more per week than persons not first married in their twenties.You find a link between age at first marriage and hours worked per week.What three conditions must be satisfied in order for you to have established a causal connection?
Answer: The cause has to precede the effect in time,there has to be an empirical relationship between the cause and the effect,and this relationship cannot be explained by other factors
Q3) Statistical procedure can be divided into two major categories: ______ statistics and ______ statistics.
Answer: descriptive;inferential
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3
Chapter 2: The Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following graphic devices is most appropriate for displaying interval-ratio level data?
A)A histogram
B)A frequency polygon
C)A bar graph
D)A pie chart
Answer: A
Q2) In a sample of 100 people,57 completed only high school,23 went on to complete only some college,13 went on to complete a two-year or four-year college,and 7 went on to graduate school.What proportion of the sample does not have a two-year or four-year college degree?
A)0.07
B)0.13
C)0.80
D)0.87
Answer: C
Q3) Which graphic device would be most appropriate to display information about "Young adults in South Korea generally have more years of schooling than young adults in the United States"?
Answer: Histogram
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The category or score with the highest frequency in a distribution is referred to as the A)mode.
B)median.
C)mean.
D)percentile.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following measures of central tendency is sensitive to extreme scores in a distribution?
A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Percentile
Answer: A
Q3) The mode is the category with the ______ in the distribution.
A)largest percentage
B)smallest percentage
C)largest frequency
D)smallest frequency
Answer: A,C
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Chapter 4: Measures of Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The variance is a measure of variation applicable only to ordinal variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Construct a box plot based on the following sub-sample: 2,7,4,4,1,2,2,3,1,2,4,5.Be sure to show the following quantities in your box plot: the minimum score,the maximum score,the range,interquartile range,and the median.
Q3) The quantity that is arrived at by taking the highest score minus the lowest score is referred to as the
A)interquartile range.
B)range.
C)standard deviation.
D)variance.
Q4) Which measure of variability is used for nominal variables such as race and ethnicity?
A)Mode
B)Index of qualitative variation
C)Standard deviation
D)Stratified variance
Q5) What is the most basic consideration in choosing a measure of variability?
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Chapter 5: The Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of the area under the normal curve falls between ±2 standard deviations?
A)99.72
B)95.46
C)68.26
D)20.0
Q2) The normal distribution is a ______ and ______ symmetrical distribution with the mean,the median,and the mode all coinciding at its peak and with the frequencies gradually decreasing at both ends of the curve.
A)bell-shaped;empirical
B)bell-shaped;theoretical
C)curvilinear;hypothetical
D)curvilinear;inferential
Q3) Suppose that in a particular sample,the mean is 70.07 and the standard deviation is 10.27.What is the Z score that corresponds to a raw score of 80?
A)0.97
B)6.82
C)9.93
D)14.61
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Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Law School Admission Test (LSAT)is designed so that test scores are normally distributed.The mean LSAT score for the population of all test-takers in 2005 was 154.35 with a standard deviation of 5.62.If the LSAT scores were not normally distributed,would the sampling distribution of the mean be a normal distribution if the sample size was 100?
Q2) Will the standard error always be lower than the standard deviation? Why or why not?
Q3) According to the central limit theorem what happens to the sampling distribution of sample means as N becomes larger?
Q4) If the mean and standard deviation of a population are 436 and 103 respectively,what is the standard error of the mean for a sample of size 8?
Q5) How is probability sampling useful?
Q6) If the mean and standard deviation of a population are 436 and 103 respectively,then for a sample with a mean of 389 and a standard deviation of 96,the sampling error is 7.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Define systematic random sampling approach.
Q8) Explain the central limit theorem.
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Chapter 7: Estimation
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Q1) If the sample standard deviation of a sample N = 1001 is 2.60 and sample mean is 2.94,then
A)estimate standard error is .8.
B)the upper bound with 95% confidence level is 3.10.
C)the lower bound with 95% confidence level is 2.78.
D)the Z value corresponding to a 95% confidence level is 2.58.
Q2) The standard error of the proportion .35 with sample N = 1700 is .001.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Briefly describe how you would establish a confidence interval for a mean or proportion.
Q4) What is the goal of most research?
A)To support the null hypothesis
B)To find the population parameter
C)To seek a sample
D)To determine the confidence interval
Q5) In a survey sample of 83 respondents,the mean number of hours worked per week is 39.04,with a standard deviation of 11.51.Calculate a 95% confidence interval for these data.
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Chapter 8: Testing Hypotheses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statistic would you use if you are interested in comparing the mean number of hours worked by sex.
Q2) If the sample variances of two sets of people are 2.15 and 2.04 with sample sizes 50 each,then the t statistic for a difference between means 43.10 AND 40.26 is .29.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppose you are interested in testing whether the mean earning of men in the General Social Survey is representative of the earning of the entire U.S.male population.If there are 372 men in the General Social Survey sample and approximately 128 million men in the population,calculate the degrees of freedom for this single-sample t test.
Q4) In a simple random sample of 120 women and 150 men from a population of 150,000,25% of the women and 37% of the men are smokers.Suppose you are interested in comparing the proportion of smokers by sex,compute the estimated standard error.
Q5) In a simple random sample of 120 women and 150 men from a population of 150,000,25% of the women and 37% of the men are smokers.Suppose you are interested in comparing the proportion of smokers by sex,compute the Z statistic.
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Chapter 9: Bivariate Tables
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Sample Questions
Q1) A relationship in which both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a causally prior control variable such that the original relationship is "explained away" by the control variable,is referred to as A)spuriousness.
B)statistical significance.
C)percentage difference.
D)dependence.
Q2) An intervening variable is a control variable that ______ and ______ in a causal sequence.
A)precedes the independent variable;follows the dependent variable
B)follows the independent variable;precedes the dependent variable
C)increases the effect;influences spuriousness
D)reduces the null hypothesis;influences the research hypothesis
Q3) An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship,usually with the aim of controlling for the effects of this variable,is referred to as a(n)______ variable.
A)independent
B)dependent
C)control
D)elaboration
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Chapter 10: The Chi-Square Test and Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sampling distribution of chi-square sampling can be best described as A)a square.
B)negatively skewed.
C)flat.
D)a family of distributions.
Q2) The idea that two variables are unrelated in the population is referred to as statistical
A)independence.
B)significance.
C)inference.
D)dependence.
Q3) Apply the five-step model of a chi-square test to a specific example.
Q4) A ______ is an inferential statistical technique designed to test for significant relationships between two variables organized in a bivariate table.
A)cross-tabulation
B)bivariate tabulation
C)chi-square test
D)comparison test
Page 12
Q5) What interpretation do we get if Kendall's Tau-b reaches a value of 1?
Q6) Why is it sometimes important to condition one's result by another variable?
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) ANOVA allows us to determine whether the variance between samples is larger than the variance within samples.If the variance is larger between samples,what can we say about the group differences we are interested in analyzing?
A)There are no group differences.
B)There may be group differences.
C)The dependent variables vary significantly across groups.
D)The dependent variables vary significantly within groups.
Q2) If the F critical is 4.94 while the F obtained is 3.97,when \( d f_{w} \) = 3, \( d f_{w} \) = 20 and alpha level = .01,do we accept or reject the null hypothesis?
Q3) The amount of variation in the dependent variable that can be attributed to or explained by the independent variable is called the A)between-group sum of squares.
B)within-group sum of squares.
C)total sum of squares.
D)correlation coefficient.
Q4) The F statistic is the ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Regression and Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the interpretation for the slope of the linear regression prediction equation?
A)The value of Y when X = 0
B)The value of X when Y = 0
C)The change in Y with a unit change in X
D)The change in X with a unit change in Y
Q2) How many independent variables are involved in a multiple regression equation?
A)One
B)Zero
C)Two or more
D)At least three
Q3) What is the slope of the linear regression prediction equation if a person with 12 years of schooling earns $31,000 per year and a person with 13 years of schooling earns $32,500 per year?
A)1
B)12
C)13
D)1,500
Q4) Compare ANOVA and regression.
Q5) The coefficient of determination,r²,is a PRE measure.What does this mean?
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