Criminology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Criminology is the systematic study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. This course explores the causes and consequences of crime from sociological, psychological, and legal perspectives, examining theories of criminality, patterns and types of criminal offenses, and the social responses to crime. Students will analyze the roles of law enforcement, courts, and corrections, as well as the impact of social inequality, race, gender, and media on crime and victimization. Through case studies and empirical research, the course encourages critical reflection on contemporary criminal justice issues and policies.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology The Core 4th Edition by Larry J. Siegel
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Chapter 1: Crime and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.
A)classical criminology
B)positivist criminology
C)developmental criminology
D)critical criminology
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following offenses would be classified as a misdemeanor?
A)rape
B)unarmed assault
C)murder
D)burglary
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is not a legitimate social goal of the criminal law?
A)enforcing social control
B)encouraging revenge
C)expressing public opinion and morality
D)deterring criminal behavior
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the nonreporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Property crime rates have declined in recent years, dropping more than 10 percent during the past decade.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Most criminologists believe that homicide data are the most accurate and valid UCR statistics. What do data indicate about homicide rates?
A)Between 1991 and 2008, homicide rates increased 40%
B)Between 1991 and 2008, homicide rates dropped 40%.
C)Between 1991 and 2008, homicide rates increased 14%.
D)Between 1991 and 2008, homicide rates dropped 14%
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Victims and Victimization
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Q1) Some victims, especially ______ develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will be re-victimized.
A)whites
B)the elderly
C)males
D)widows
Answer: B
Q2) __________ refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime.
A)Target vulnerability
B)Target gratifiability
C)Target hostility
D)Target antagonism
Answer: A
Q3) Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age:
A)25
B)30
C)35
D)40
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Choice Theory: Because They Want to
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality which he labels the "lures of crime."
A)True
B)False
Q2) The "high" or the excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is referred to as:
A)riskwork.
B)edgework.
C)thrillwork.
D)buzzwork.
Q3) How do certainty, severity, and speed of punishment impact general deterrence? How does the criminal justice system support or hamper these general deterrence factors?
Q4) Auto thieves are not selective in their choice of target since all cars can be stripped for their valuable parts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the development of rational choice theory and the philosophers central to the concept of rational choice.
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Chapter 5: Trait Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud's version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the ego.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Socio-biologists view all EXCEPT which one of the following factors as being mutually interdependent?
A)biology
B)environment
C)learning
D)ecology
Q3) Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss attachment theory and how failure to develop proper attachment is associated with crime.
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oscar Lewis argues that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produces ________ that is passed on from one generation to the next.
A)a culture of poverty
B)physical deterioration
C)social deterioration
D)family disorganization
Q2) Failure to complete high school greatly impacts one's social and economic opportunities. What percent of inner-city, black males do not complete high school?
A)10%
B)30%
C)40%
D)over 50%
Q3) Strain theory holds that crime is a function of:
A)unequal distribution of wealth.
B)loss of informal institutions of social control.
C)conflict between people's goals and means.
D)available methods of achievement.
Q4) According to strain theorists, what is strain, what causes strain, and how does strain lead to crime?
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Q1) Discuss the key points of labeling theory and the consequences of labeling. Include in your discussion the concepts of primary and secondary deviance.
Q2) According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten.
A)primary deviance
B)secondary deviance
C)all criminal behavior
D)a moral lapse
Q3) According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids choose delinquent peers?
A)Troubled kids do so because they are not involved in after-school activities.
B)Troubled kids do so because they fail to understand truancy and delinquency laws.
C)Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire.
D)Troubled kids are biologically drawn or attracted to "troublemakers."
Q4) Explain how one's socialization contributes to delinquent and criminal behaviors.
Q5) How do religion and belief impact criminality?
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Chapter 8: Social Conflict and Critical Criminology
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Q1) Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in globalization do critical theorists find problematic?
A)sexism
B)industrialization
C)mechanization
D)surplus value
Q2) What are the research methodologies used by critical criminologists and how do these methods differ from mainstream criminology research techniques? What do the critical criminology research methods indicate about crime and criminality?
Q3) Some government experts use the "ticking Bomb scenario," to justify which type of state crime?
A)human rights violation
B)state violence
C)illegal domestic surveillance
D)torture
Q4) What criticisms have been leveled against critical criminology and how do critical criminologists respond to these criticisms?
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: Life Course and Latent
Trait
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to latent trait theory, when does a latent trait appear?
A)at birth or soon after
B)during childhood
C)during adolescence
D)during early adulthood
Q2) Using data from a longitudinal study of Pittsburgh youth, Loeber identified distinct pathways to crime. Which pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior?
A)the authority conflict pathway
B)the covert pathway
C)the overt pathway
D)the late bloomer pathway
Q3) According to latent trait theory, the propensity to commit crime is unstable, but the opportunity to commit crime remains stable over time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Gottfredson and Hirschi link the propensity to commit crime to two latent traits - an impulsive personality and a lack of self-control. Explain how these traits result in crime.
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Chapter 10: Violent Crime: Personal and Political
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Q1) _____ and the use of government troops to destroy political opposition parties are often associated with Latin American political terrorism.
A)Organized crime
B)Death squads
C)Police
D)Guerillas
Q2) Rape is one of the most misunderstood and feared crimes. Identify and discuss the causal factors that explain why men commit rape.
Q3) Identify and discuss the primary motivations of terrorists.
Q4) In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the validity of shield laws and ruled that excluding evidence of a prior sexual relationship between the parties violates a defendant's right to a fair trial.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the issues of consent and past sexual history as they pertain to rape cases and explain why these issues are legally problematic.
Q6) A number of causal factors contribute to violent crime. Identify and discuss those causal factors.
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Of the millions of property and theft-related crimes that occur each year, most are committed by occasional criminals. Other thefts, however, are committed by skilled professional criminals. Discuss the differences between these two types of criminals.
Q2) Because of their commitment to a criminal lifestyle, professional offenders may be the most likely to respond to the general deterrent effect of the law.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Theft of personal property has been known throughout recorded history. Discuss the rich history of theft offenses.
Q4) Criminologists suspect that, of the millions of property and theft-related crimes that occur each year, most are committed by:
A)professional criminals.
B)specialized criminals.
C)occasional criminals.
D)naïve criminals.
Q5) Discuss the factors that differentiate petit or petty larceny from grand larceny.
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Chapter 12: Enterprise Crime: White-Collar Crime, Cyber
Crime, and Organized Crime
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Q1) Bernard Madoff has been referred to as the greatest ____ of all time.
A)influence peddler
B)pilferer
C)exploiter
D)financial chiseler
Q2) The _________ is the view that organized crime is a direct offshoot of a criminal society - the Mafia - that first originated in Italy and Sicily.
A)European conspiracy theory
B)ethnic conspiracy theory
C)Mafia conspiracy theory
D)alien conspiracy theory
Q3) The IT revolution has revitalized the porn industry. What do we know about adult entertainment on the web?
A)It is difficult to estimate the number of web sites featuring sexual content.
B)The number of pornography web pages has soared during the past six years.
C)The number of visits to porn sites surpasses those made to Internet search engines.
D)All of these things are known about adult entertainment on the web.
Q4) Identify and discuss the three major areas of enterprise crime.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crimes
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Q1) __________ refers to the rubbing against or touching of a non-consenting adult in a crowd.
A)Exhibitionism
B)Frotteurism
C)Pedophilia
D)Voyeurism
Q2) According to the theory of social harm, immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the ____they cause.
A)social outrage
B)injury
C)financial loss
D)depravity
Q3) Which of the following statements is accurate?
A)Societies usually encourage behaviors that lawmakers consider dangerous.
B)The line between behaviors that are immoral and those that are criminal are often blurred.
C)People with religious beliefs rarely engage in moral crusades.
D)Most behaviors are declared criminal before they are deemed immoral.
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Chapter 14: The Criminal Justice System
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Q1) _______ reflects the principle that all offenders who commit the same crime should receive the same sentence.
A)The Miranda rule
B)The exclusionary rule
C)Determinant sentencing
D)Judicial review
Q2) At the preliminary hearing, formal charges are read, defendants are informed of their constitutional rights, bail is considered, and a trial date is established.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Community policing and problem-oriented policing are reactive models of law enforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The rehabilitation model embraces the notion that, given the proper care and treatment, criminals can be changed into productive, law-abiding citizens.
A)True
B)False
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