Criminology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Criminology explores the nature, causes, and consequences of criminal behavior in society. This course examines key criminological theories, patterns of crime, the structure of the criminal justice system, and the social, psychological, and environmental factors that contribute to crime. Students will analyze crime statistics, study the roles of victims and offenders, and consider approaches to crime prevention and policy reform. Through case studies and contemporary issues, the course encourages critical thinking about the impact of crime on individuals and communities and the effectiveness of responses to criminal behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primacy of sociology should not prevent criminologists from recognizing contributions from other perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through
A) a political process
B) the general agreement of most members of society.
C) the existence of shared norms and values.
D) consensus.
Answer: A
Q3) The consequences of crime include both outputs and interpretations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Background causes of crime are known as ___________.
Answer: contributions
Q5) ________ is human activity that violates social norms.
Answer: Deviance/deviant behavior
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most refereed professional journals discourage simultaneous submissions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Because research subjects generally do not know that they are being studied, secondary analysis is said to be __________.
Answer: nonreactive
Q3) ________ such as researcher preconceptions and biases enter into all stages of the research process.
Answer: Values
Q4) Findings from qualitative studies are expressed numerically.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) The Golden Age of __________ was a time when data on crime were gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework
Answer: Research
Q6) A(n) ____ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.
Answer: theory
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ law forms the basis for much of modern statutory law.
Answer: Common
Q2) How did neoclassical criminology develop out of the Classical School? What were some of the major contributions of neoclassical criminology to the field of criminology?
Answer: Answers should compare the Classical School emphasis on free will and individual choice as the root causes of crime with the development of positivism, with its emphasis on hard determinism and the scientific method. They should include a discussion of the events of the 1970s that undermined many of the assumptions of positivism, explain how the neoclassical movement began, and review its position as a middle ground between total free will and hard determinism. Answers should also mention how neoclassical thought expands the role of punishment from the Classical School idea of punishment as a deterrent to also support the concept of retribution.
Q3) The death penalty appears to be an effective general deterrent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) According to Classical School principles, law violators are deterred by ________
Answer: punishment
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Observed ________ differences in crime rates in Washington, D.C. may be due to biological differences between the sexes.
Q2) Which of the following is not a criticism of sociobiology?
A) It does not identify the importance of culture, social learning, and individual experiences in shaping behavior
B) It fails to integrate biology into the basic paradigm
C) It does not properly depict basic human behavior
D) There is no rational basis for applying findings from animal studies to humans
Q3) Eugenic criminology accepts the idea of genetic determinism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Recent research suggests that there is no relationship between the XYY chromosomal pattern and excessive violent behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Both men and women can exhibit the XYY chromosomal abnormality.
A)True
B)False
6
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Q1) The myth of the _________ holds that each person has an individual soul-like quality allowing him or her to make choices independent of biological predispositions.
Q2) Exposure to high levels of lead is not related to juvenile crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Biosocial criminology emphasizes the importance of recognizing the ______ between biology and the environment in the formation of biological responses to given situations.
Q4) Prenatal diet can affect the risk of delinquency of the child later in life.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Wilson and Herrnstein stated that individuals commit more crimes as they get older. A)True
B)False
Q6) Oxytocin has been linked to increased risk likelihood of involvement in violence. A)True
B)False
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the theory underlying the belief that violent video games may influence behavior and explain the basic argument.
Q2) Hervey Cleckley described the __________ as a "moral idiot."
Q3) According to John Bowlby, __________ attachment is a healthy form of attachment.
A) anxious-avoidant
B) anxious-resistant
C) secure
D) insecure
Q4) When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.
A) alternative
B) autoplastic
C) antiplastic
D) alloplastic
Q5) Many criminals have a secret need to be __________.
Q6) Psychological ___________ involves attempts to understand and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders, based on behavioral clues they provide.
Page 8
Q7) A(n) _________ of aversive treatment is one form of reward from aggression.
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss some of the policy implications of social structure theories.
Q2) According to Merton, poverty and the resulting limitation of opportunity are sufficient to induce a conspicuously high rate of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ___________theory suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.
Q4) The Chicago Area Project focused on reducing delinquency in transitional neighborhoods.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social structure theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.
A) social disenfranchisement
B) a lack of self-control
C) the strength of the social bond
D) the nature of existing power relationships between social groups
Q6) One criticism of __________ theories is that the overemphasize the notion that spatial location determines crime and delinquency.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are developmental pathways? Explain the three separate pathways identified by the Causes and Correlated Study.
Q2) What contributions has labeling theory made to criminology?
Q3) How do social control theories differ from other theories of crime?
Q4) Early intervention in delinquent behavior is suggested by social development theories.
A)True
B)False
Q5) External containments are the most effective in preventing law violations.
A)True B)False
Q6) Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders. A)True B)False
Q7) Someone with a control ______ is controlled by others and is more likely to commit violent crimes.
A) extreme B) ratio
C) surplus D) deficit Page 10
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the differences between retributive and restorative justice. Identify some problems that may arise as the result of a shift to a restorative justice model.
Q2) The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Elliott Currie, as countries emulate the market society culture of the United States, crime rates throughout the world will __________.
Q4) In general, the main policy implication of social conflict theory is
A) Social action programs to reduce social disorganization will lead to a decline in crime
B) Programs to enhance self-control and build prosocial bonds will prevent crime
C) Bring about social change and redistribute the wealth in society, and crime rates will fall
D) Develop ways to influence personality characteristics and crime will decrease
Q5) Early feminist criminologists, such as Adler and Simon, explained gender differences in crime rates as being due primarily to _____________.
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Q1) Which of the following is most likely to result in a victim of a violent crime experiencing high levels of distress?
A) Being victimized while on vacation
B) Being injured during an armed robbery
C) Being injured during an assault
D) Being the victim of workplace violence
Q2) The accountability element of restorative justice emphasizes
A) that the community can participate in ensuring its own safety.
B) the responsibility of the justice system to protect the public from crime and offenders.
C) the obligations incurred by the offender to the victim and the community.
D) the need to ensure offenders are more capable of successful participation in society when they leave the justice system than when they entered it
Q3) ___________ involves social injuries that occur as a result of how social institutions and individuals react to a victim of crime.
Q4) The U.S. Constitution includes a victims' rights amendment.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) Victim __________ focuses on characteristics of victims that may have led to their victimization.
Q2) Which of the following is a mission-oriented serial killer?
A) An offender who kills for profit
B) An offender who kills victims he believes to be evil
C) An offender who kills during the commission of other crimes
D) An offender who gain sexual pleasure from killing
Q3) What are the four primary types of workplace violence?
Q4) The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is the
A) general theory of crime.
B) subculture of violence thesis.
C) selective disinhibition.
D) critical criminological perspective
Q5) In the U.S., the risk of stranger assault is high.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Serial murder involves killing several victims in at least __________ separate events.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Q1) Removing air bags, radios, seats, and other parts from a stolen car is known as
Q2) An offender who steals items for sexual gratification rather than for economic gain is known as a voyeuristic burglar.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not one of the major property crimes, according to the FBI?
A) Burglary
B) Arson
C) Motor vehicle theft
D) Robbery
Q4) According to Neil Shover, __________ criminals commit crime with some degree of skill, earn reasonably well from their crimes, and spend rather little time incarcerated.
Q5) A fence commits the crime of
A) burglary.
B) receiving stolen property.
C) robbery.
D) larceny-theft.
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organized crime groups infiltrate legitimate businesses to use as fronts for money
Q2) Which of the following is an example of environmental crime?
A) The cover-up of research findings about asbestos-caused diseases by several of the largest asbestos producers in the United States
B) The nationwide savings and loan disaster in the 1980s involving personal appropriation of funds by institutional executives
C) The dumping of 11 million gallons of crude oil off the coast of Alaska by Exxon's Valdez supertanker
D) The class action suit against makers and sellers of silicone gel breast implants
Q3) White-collar crimes generally are not committed by terrorists.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Hirschi and Gottfredson, selection processes inherent to the high end of the occupational structure tend to recruit people with relatively low propensity to crime.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Q1) The Harrison Act effectively outlawed the street use of cocaine, heroin, and opium.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Major heroin and cocaine trafficking routes are sometimes called __________.
Q3) The __________ Act required the complete removal of heroin from all medicines.
A) Boggs
B) Narcotic Control
C) Harrison
D) Pure Food and Drug
Q4) How do feminist perspectives address prostitution?
Q5) Explain the difference between drug-defined crimes and drug-related crimes and given an example of each.
Q6) The most commonly used illicit drug is
A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) inhalants.
D) marijuana.
Q7) List and explain the five approaches to drug control used in the United States.
Q8) Volatile solvents fall into the drug category of _________.
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Malware involves
A) phone phreaking.
B) embezzlement.
C) computer viruses.
D) software piracy.
Q2) Describe the characteristics of hackers and explain the categories of the basic typology that is based on psychological characteristics.
Q3) What does President Obama consider one of the most serious economic and national security challenges facing the US today?
A) White-collar crime
B) Cybersecurity
C) Violent crime
D) Constitutional protections
Q4) Hackers who are excited about breaking into geographically distant computer systems fall into which category?
A) Game players
B) Explorers
C) Vandals
D) Scamps
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) ____________terrorism refers only to acts of terrorism that occur outside the United States.
A) Domestic
B) International
C) Anarchist
D) Foreign
Q2) Globalization of knowledge is affecting theory formation within criminology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _________ is the phenomenon of culture-centeredness.
Q4) Ethnocentrism involves
A) comparing crime rates in different countries and cultures.
B) culture-centeredness.
C) human smuggling.
D) trafficking in persons.
Q5) Which of the following statements about terrorism is true?
A) Terrorism is usually an impulsive act of rage
B) Terrorism is perpetrated for criminal gain
C) Terrorism is aimed at military targets
D) Terrorism is politically motivated
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