Criminology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Criminology explores the nature, causes, consequences, and control of criminal behavior within society. This course introduces students to key criminological theories, methods of crime measurement, the sociological impact of crime, and the criminal justice systems response. Topics include types of crime, patterns in criminal activity, victimology, prevention strategies, and historical as well as contemporary issues in crime and law enforcement. By the end of the course, students will have a foundational understanding of how crime affects individuals and communities, and the ways in which society seeks to understand and address deviant behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) Crimes that are time and culture bound are described as _____.
A) Mala in se
B) Mala prohibita
C) Actus reus
D) Mens rea
Answer: B
Q2) Briefly explain how the concept of "criminality" differs from legal definitions of who is "criminal."
Answer: Criminality is a clinical or scientific term that can be defined independently of legal definitions; it is essentially a trait which varies on a continuum.
Q3) When two factors are correlates,it means that:
A) One of the factors causes changes to the other.
B) The two factors vary together.
C) They compose a theory of crime.
D) They have been socially constructed.
Answer: B
Q4) Define "ideology."
Answer: A way of looking at the world-a general emotional picture of "how things should be."
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following data sources allows researchers to correlate a variety of characteristics of respondents,such as the trait of impulsiveness,with their admitted offenses?
A) UCR
B) NCVS
C) NIBRS
D) Self-report surveys
Answer: D
Q2) The "hierarchy rule" refers to the:
A) Fact that those of a higher socioeconomic status are less likely to be arrested for crimes.
B) Ranking system of different crime data sources by their level of accuracy.
C) Practice of only reporting the most serious offense committed in a given incident.
D) Tendency of respondents to only report serious crimes in self-report surveys.
Answer: C
Q3) Index crimes can only be cleared by arrest.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Q1) The argument that crime can be reduced by increasing individuals' sense of ownership and generating a sense of belonging in an area is consistent with the idea of
A) Atavism
B) Defensible Space
C) General Deterrence
D) Hedonism
Answer: B
Q2) Engaging in a debate about the death penalty,one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders,it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense.This is most clearly representative of the _____ school of criminology.
A) Classical
B) German
C) Italian
D) Russian
Answer: C
Q3) Which two theorists are most often associated with the classical school?
Answer: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) Which mode of adaptation is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them?
A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Retreatism
D) Ritualism
Q2) Building on the work of Shaw and McKay,Robert Sampson has suggested that _____ is effective at reducing crime.
A) Providing coping strategies
B) Increasing collective efficacy
C) Increasing economic opportunities
D) Decommodification
Q3) One of the strengths of anomie/strain theory is its ability to explain violent crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast Albert Cohen's subcultural theory to Walter Miller's theory of focal concerns.How are the two alike? How are they different?
Q5) According to Robert Merton's theory,what causes strain?
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Q1) How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?
Q2) What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Q3) Identify and explain the five techniques of neutralization according to Sykes and Matza's work.Provide one example of each.
Q4) All versions of social control theory have been criticized for neglecting social structure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Positive punishment makes a behavior more likely to be repeated in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which of the following is not a recognized component of social bond accourding to Travis Hirschi?
A) Attachment
B) Belief?
C)Involvement
D) Self-Concept
Q7) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,what is the source of low self-control?
Q9) Identify one possible policy implication of differential association theory. Page 7
Q8) How do discriminative stimuli differ from reinforcements and punishments?
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Q1) Gender (being male)is the single best predictor of criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identify the main tenets of conflict theory.Do you think that this theory has any practical policy implications in our efforts to reduce crime? Support your answer with information that you have learned in this class.
Q3) _____ is known for arguing that conflict is rooted in multiple aspects of social life,not just economic struggle.
A) Freidrich Engels
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) Willem Bonger
Q4) What is the gender ratio problem in criminology?
Q5) What is the central argument of Anne Campbell's "staying alive hypothesis"?
Q6) Research has supported that capitalism is associated with higher crime rates than socialism.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Briefly describe peacemaking criminology.
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Present-day psychological theories of crime wholly reject the belief that sociological factors have any influence on human behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Impulsiveness is a trait that has commonly been linked to criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____ can be thought of as the action component of empathy; if you feel empathy for someone,you will probably feel motivated to take some sort of action to alleviate that person's distress.
A) Conscientiousness
B) Altruism
C) Empathy
D) Moral reasoning
Q4) It is possible that under the same environmental conditions,some people can be under aroused,while others will be over aroused.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the "intellectual imbalance"?
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Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) Which of the following best represents the findings regarding the relationship between genetic influences and antisocial behavior?
A) Genetic influences are not related to antisocial behavior.
B) Genetic influences are more strongly linked to juvenile antisocial behavior than adult behavior.
C) Genetic influences are more strongly linked to adult antisocial behavior than juvenile behavior.
D) Genetic influences are strongly predictive of both juvenile and adult antisocial behavior.
Q2) Modern day behavior geneticists are searching for the gene that causes criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Genetic effects on antisocial behavior are most likely to be found among those who begin offending in their early teenage years,and desist by their mid-twenties.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why do behavior geneticists use twin and adoption studies?
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) In his super traits theory,_____ narrowed down his search for traits conducive to criminal behavior.
A) Agnew
B) Durkheim
C) Farrington
D) Moffitt
Q2) What distinguishes delinquency from criminality?
Q3) Describe "super traits theory." Why is it categorized as a developmental theory,and how is it different from the other developmental theories that you had learned about?
Q4) List two risk factors of early-onset delinquency.
Q5) The antisocial behavior of life course persistent offenders tends to:
A) Vary considerably across time and place.
B) Remain stable in different situations, but vary over time.
C) Remain stable across time, with some variation based on situation.
D) Remain stable across time and place.
Q6) Developmental research in criminology is characterized by the use of convenience samples.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Q1) The FBI defines _____ rape as the carnal knowledge of a female by force and against her will.
A) Acquaintance
B) Domestic
C) Forcible
D) Statutory
Q2) Identify one characteristic associated with a disproportionate risk for rape victimization.
Q3) Define and describe "domestic violence." What factors increase the risk of domestic violence?
Q4) In attempting to explain violent crime,_____ are likely to first ask: "What is the adaptive significance ofc this particular behavior?"
A) Evolutionary biologists
B) Geneticists
C) Neuroscientists
D) Sociologists
Q5) Wealthy,white females are at the highest risk for rape victimization.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Most stolen identity information is for the personal use of the individual who stole it.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____ is the creation or alteration of documents to give them the appearance of legality and validity with the intention of gaining some benefit from doing so.
A) Forgery
B) Uttering
C) Fraud
D) Counterfeiting
Q3) Some shoplifters engage in shoplifting as a primary source of income.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many burglars actually give up legitimate jobs in order to concentrate on burglary.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Briefly describe the role of guardianship in burglars' assessment of a potential target.
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Q1) Most active terrorist groups in the contemporary United States originated prior to 1960.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true about serial killers?
A) They are unable to stop themselves from killing until they are caught or die.
B) Most of them travel among several states in their commission of crimes.
C) They are motivated by a variety of reasons, including thrill seeking and anger.
D) They are indistinguishable from spree and mass murders.
Q3) Terrorism is a tactic used to influence the behavior of others through:
A) Charisma.
B) Intimidation.
C) Psychopathology.
D) Rewards.
Q4) Most serial killers are hedonistic-they kill for thrills.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast spree murder and serial murder.
Q6) Define "serial murder."
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Q1) Coca Cola used to be made with the same ingredient from which cocaine is derived.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Studies have shown that very few criminal offenders suffer from addiction to drugs or alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the relationship between drugs and crime?
A) Drug use and other forms of crime appear rooted in a general propensity toward deviant behaviors.
B) There is clear evidence that those who begin to use drugs are then drawn into other criminal behavior.
C) There is clear evidence that those who commit crimes are then drawn to drug use.
D) There is no apparent relationship between drug use and other forms of criminal activity.
Q4) What is a stimulant?
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) _____ crime groups are probably the oldest and largest in the world.
A) American
B) Italian
C) Japanese
D) Russian
Q2) _____ was a corrupt political machine associated with the Democratic Party which ran New York City well into the twentieth century.
A) La Cosa Nostra
B) McClellan Commission
C) The Russian Mafiya
D) Tammany Society
Q3) What is Machiavellianism?
Q4) Occupational crime has minimal financial costs,which may account for why it is not taken seriously.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act outlawed the consumption and manufacturing of alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is corporate crime?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) _____ theory focuses on the three variables of a motivated offender,suitable target,and absence of a capable guardian.
A) Lifestyle
B) Routine activities
C) Social bond
D) Victim precipitation
Q2) Girls are most likely to be molested by _____.
A) Family members
B) Friends
C) Neighbors
D) Strangers
Q3) Some people discount victimology theories as "victim blaming," while others see value in identifying the risk factors of victimization.Present both sides of this argument,supporting each side with what you have learned in this class.
Q4) Most murders of spouses and boyfriends by women are _____.
A) Related to mental illness
B) Unprovoked
C) Unsolved
D) Victim precipitated
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