Criminological Theory
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Criminological Theory explores the various theoretical frameworks developed to understand the nature, causes, and responses to criminal behavior. This course examines classic and contemporary perspectives, including biological, psychological, sociological, and critical theories, tracing their historical development and evaluating their applicability to modern crime issues. Students will engage with explanations ranging from individual motivations to broader social structures and institutions, analyzing how different theories inform policies, law enforcement strategies, and rehabilitation approaches within the criminal justice system.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 6th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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14 Chapters
797 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) This book sees crime as a __________ event.
A)individual
B)social
C)political
D)justifiable
Answer: B
Q2) The legalistic perspective of crime can be defined as human conduct in violation of criminal laws of the state,the federal government,or a local jurisdiction that has power to make such laws.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Perpetrators of a crime should be dealt with individually.This is a belief of the ______ responsibility perspective.
Answer: social
Q4) Laws are social products.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) Evidence-based criminology is the contemporary form of criminology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _________ is a strategy in data gathering in which the researcher observes a group by participating to varying degrees with the group.
A)Hypothesis testing
B)Secondary research
C)Participant observation
D)Pure research
Answer: C
Q3) External validity is the ability to generalize research findings to other settings.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Creating government-funded opportunities for success that break a cycle of poverty are an example of ________.
Answer: social policy
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) Positivism developed from the Classic School.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Situational crime prevention is a social policy approach from the A)Natural Law.
B)Enlightenment Era.
C)Classic School.
D)Neoclassic School.
Answer: D
Q3) ________ is part of the heritage of the Classic School and states that pleasure and pain,or reward and punishment,are major determinants of choice.
Answer: Hedonism
Q4) Neoclassical criminology places an emphasis on A)rehabilitation.
B)deterrence and retribution.
C)natural rights.
D)natural law.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Biological Roots in Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Evaluations of atavism measuring the degree of correlation between physiological features and criminal history proved to be scientifically sound.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are some of the major findings of the study of genetics in criminology? What does this suggest about human behavior in relation to social and physical environments?
Q3) What is sociobiology? What criticisms are against it? What contributions has it made to the field? Provide examples.
Q4) Explain Moffitt's two-path biosocial theory with examples.
Q5) Which of the following are examples of the two paths in biosocial theory?
A)life course persisters and adolescence-limited offenders
B)adolescence-limited offenders and millennial offenders
C)life course persisters and temporary persisters
D)life course offenders and temporary offenders
Q6) The field of criminology has been quick to give credence to biological theories of deviant behavior.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Psychology and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Discuss which theory explains how violent video games may influence behavior and why.
Q2) Which of the following is not a concept of psychoanalysis?
A)Oedipus complex
B)self-control
C)repression
D)personality neurosis
Q3) Which of the following is the major motivational element for criminal behavior in psychological theories?
A)personality
B)deviant behavior
C)intelligence
D)genetics
Q4) Which of the following is not a way to psychologically measure criminal behavior?
A)emotional arousal
B)poor impulse control
C)reward
D)immature personality
Q5) Criminal psychology is also known as ______ psychology.
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theories
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Q1) ______ can be defined as the pressure that individuals feel to reach socially determined goals.
Q2) Sociological theory focuses on the nature of the ______ of relationships that exist between social groups.
A)power
B)education
C)communication
D)criminality
Q3) Social disorganization theory looks at social ecology as a way to understand criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sociological theories believe that crime is not the product of class structure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social ecology developed into the ecological school of criminology.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the general features of,and assumptions about,the sociological viewpoint.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Q1) Human agency refers to the fact that individuals have no control over their own life course.
A)True B)False
Q2) _________ theory says that criminality is learned through a process of association with other criminals.
Q3) The life course perspective is a social process theory.
A)True B)False
Q4) ________ is the major theorist behind the social learning theory that created the nine principles of differential association.
Q5) The degree of positive relationships with others and with social institutions built up over an individual's lifetime is called social capital. A)True B)False
Q6) Criminal and non-criminal behavior are an expression of needs and values. A)True B)False
Q7) Differential association values _______ association.
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Chapter 8: Social Conflict Theories
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Q1) Which strand of feminism sees gender oppression as a result of the interaction between economy and gender roles?
A)Marxist feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)postmodern feminism
D)socialist feminism
Q2) Radical criminology holds that the causes of crime are based on individuals' unwillingness to accept personal responsibility for their own pathologies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sometimes referred to as radical realism or critical realism,_______________ describes a conflict perspective that insists on a pragmatic assessment of crime and its associated problems.
Q4) Convict criminologists believe that prisons do not effectively reduce crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The social movement that views patriarchy,or male dominance,as responsible for women's oppression is known as _______________________.
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Chapter 9: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) Robbery is classified as a violent crime because it involves the threat or use of force.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Instrumentality refers to the fact that the type of weapon used in a particular encounter impacts whether the encounter ends in death.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In contrast to mass murder,which involves the killing of multiple people at one time,________________ describes criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events.
Q4) What are the four primary types of workplace violence?
Q5) Exposure-reduction theory is used to explain which of the following criminological phenomena?
A)the reduction in rape cases since the 1950s
B)the increase in drug-related crime since the 1990s
C)the decline in intimate-partner homicide since the 1980s
D)the increase in rates of alcohol dependency since the 1970s
Q6) The illegal killing of four or more victims at one event is ________________.
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Chapter 10: Crimes Against Property
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Q1) According to Blumstein,how many stages does a criminal career in property offending have?
A)one stage
B)two stages
C)three stages
D)four stages
Q2) Explain the concept of gateway offense.Why would shoplifting be considered a gateway offense?
Q3) Most cars that are stolen are resold.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is true of the vast majority of arsonists?
A)They are trying to make a profit.
B)They are protesting a social cause.
C)They are likely to be juveniles.
D)They are likely to be over thirty.
Q5) Gang members tend to use a _____ -style of offending,which means they may participate in petty theft,assault,or a number of other crimes when opportunities arise.
Q6) People who shoplift on a _____ level are called boosters.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) What is the name for a form of fraud that uses money collected from new investors,rather than profits from the supposed underlying business venture,to pay high rates of return promised to earlier investors?
A)broker embezzlement
B)investor embezzlement
C)commodities scheme
D)Ponzi scheme
Q2) What was the Teapot Dome Scandal of 1929? How did it end?
Q3) Property flipping is a form of mortgage fraud where the lender is the victim.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Enron Corporation hid company losses through complex accounting practices.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following statements is true of white-collar crime in the United States?
A)White-collar crime emerged in the 1980s.
B)White-collar crime has cost American taxpayers very little money.
C)White-collar crime cost American taxpayers billions of dollars in the 1980s.
D)White-collar crime has decreased since the year 2000.
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Chapter 12: Public Order and Drug Crimes
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Q1) Street drugs such as PCP are intended to produce hallucinations and perceptual distortions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the U.S.Department of Justice,drug users are more likely to have a criminal record than nonusers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define and discuss designer drugs.Do these drugs differ from other controlled substances?
Q4) In countries in which prostitution is legal,prostitutes are generally licensed and pay taxes to the government.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Cocaine and crack cocaine were the drugs most commonly abused by jail inmates. A)True
B)False
Q6) What are three of the eight categories of controlled substances in the U.S.? Describe some characteristics of each category.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Technology and Crime
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Q1) Computer-related crime and cybercrime are two names for the same thing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Also known as risk analysis,________ involves a thorough assessment of perils facing an organization.
Q3) Gang members are using ________ to circumvent court injunctions that forbid members from meeting face-to-face.
Q4) Describe the range of cybercriminals known as hackers.
Q5) The distinctions between different types of computer malware are primarily based on how much damage they cause.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is cyberbanging?
A)use of the Internet for sexual solicitation
B)use of the Internet to attack politicians
C)use of the Internet to out sexual predators
D)use of the Internet by street gangs
Q7) How might similarities between hacking and playing computer games blur the lines between entertainment and crime?
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Chapter 14: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) Which types of crimes does it seem that communist countries loathe to report?
A)crimes committed by children younger than 18 years old
B)crimes that bespeak inequities in the communist system
C)crimes against women,like rape and sexual abuse
D)crimes that are not recognized as such by democratic countries
Q2) Terrorists who seek to overthrow any and all established forms of government are called ________.
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of terrorism?
A)initiated by rage
B)perpetrated for criminal gain
C)motivated by a desire to change the political order
D)lasts less than 24 hours
Q4) The name for the basic facilities,services,and installations needed for a country to function is ________.
Q5) Which of these is a unique feature of GovNet?
A)its separation from commercial and public networks
B)its reduplication of essential data
C)its close connections to the Internet via routers
D)its ability to handle only data,not voice
Q6) Terrorist who seek to form a separate state are called ________.
Page 16
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