Criminological Theories
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Criminological Theories explores the major explanations for criminal behavior and the development of crime in society. The course examines classical, biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives, delving into theories such as strain theory, social learning theory, labeling theory, and critical criminology. Through analysis of empirical research and case studies, students will learn how these theories inform criminal justice policies and practices, and will critically evaluate their relevance in understanding different forms of crime across diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
Canadian Criminology Today Theories and Applications 5th Canadian by Frank Schmalleger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology?
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Q1) ________ research is characterized by original and direct investigation.
A) Secondary
B) Quasi-experimental
C) Descriptive
D) Primary
E) Observational
Answer: D
Q2) A(n) ________ consists of a set of interrelated propositions that provide a relatively complete form of understanding.
A) concept
B) variable
C) theory
D) hypothesis
E) research design
Answer: C
Q3) Previous and ongoing debates over assisted suicide highlight the changing nature of criminal activity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Crime Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The foremost and only source of error for the General Social Survey (GSS) in comparison to the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) is legislative change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A(n) ________ refers to an offence that is closed when police have formally charged a person or when there is sufficient evidence to lay a charge against an identified person, even if that person has not been apprehended by police.
A) arrest rate
B) offence cleared otherwise
C) offence cleared by charge
D) crime rate
E) clearance rate
Answer: C
Q3) Crime statistics are useful in developing and evaluating effective crime control policies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Robbery is regarded as a violent personal crime because it is committed in the presence of a victim and involves threatened or actual use of force or violence in the commission of a theft or attempted theft from another person.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q2) The offence of sexual assault has been "degenderized" such that perpetrators can be either male or female, as can victims.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) ________ are characterized by "the unlawful entry of a place to commit an indictable offence."
A) Home invasions
B) Carjackings
C) Break and enters
D) Armed robberies
E) Assaults
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a parent reads into evidence at a criminal court sentencing of the impact that their daughter's murder has had upon herself and upon her family, then this person is participating in the process known as a
A) victim/witness assistance program
B) victim impact statement
C) statement of claim for justice
D) civil lawsuit
E) parole limitation suit
Q2) The responsibility for requesting restitution lies solely with the victim.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Current services for victims include police-based, Crown/Court-based, corrections-based, and systems-based services.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Criminal victimization always results in the development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Cesare Beccaria, punishment should be used to prevent offenders from committing additional crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The cases of Guy Paul Morin and Steven Truscott are two examples of
A) Recidivism rate
B) Recidivism
C) Incapacitation
D) Retribution
E) Wrongful conviction
Q3) ______________ is a social policy approach that looks to develop greater understanding of crime and more effective crime=prevention strategies through concern with the physical, organizational, and social environments that make crime possible.
A) Utilitarian treatise
B) Wentworth House
C) Situational crime prevention
D) Rubicon
E) Occularatron
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Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to William Sheldon's somatotypes, the ____________ body type exhibited a temperament that was restrained and introverted.
A) ectomorph
B) endomorph
C) Mesomorph
D) balanced
E) adopted
Q2) Criminal anthropology may be defined as the scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The offender who is "thin and fragile" is an ectomorph, according to William H. Sheldon.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Positivism is based upon an acceptance of free will.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the two central principles upon which positivism is built?
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Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychotherapy holds that the frequency of any behaviour can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and/or association with other stimuli.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The burden of proof for a claim of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder is on the ________.
A) crown attorney
B) judge
C) defendant
D) bailiff
E) victim
Q3) Psychiatric criminology, also known as forensic psychiatry, envisions a complex set of drives and motives operating from hidden recesses deep within the personality to determine behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly elaborate upon the use of and advantage of psychological profiling.
Q5) Briefly distinguish between the concepts of id, ego, and superego.
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Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Canada, street gangs are typically comprised of youths aged 16-18.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Some of the earliest writings on subcultures can be found in a study on gangs by ________. His research on Chicago gangs led to a typology of different types of gangs.
A) Lloyd Ohlin
B) Frederic Thrasher
C) Gresham Sykes
D) Edwin Sutherland
E) Clifford Shaw
Q3) ________ developed the differential opportunity perspective.
A) Robert Merton
B) Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
C) Walter Reckless
D) Albert Cohen and Thorsten Sellin
E) Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti
Q4) According to Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST), what must others do in order for strain to occur?.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective
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Q1) Containment means those aspects of the social bond that act as a stabilizing force to prevent individuals from committing crimes and that keep them from engaging in deviance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of propriety embodied in law is known as moral enterprise.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One type of justification for offending by the offender is that of appealing to higher loyalties, whereby the offender may appeal to their family honour, gang, girlfriend, or neighbourhood and state "I have to protect myself!"
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the social process perspective, an offender who has acquired criminality, established deviant self-concepts, and participates in criminal behaviour, will likely continue to commit crimes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective
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Q1) Feminist criminology is a self-conscious corrective model intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The restorative-justice approach was deemed to be ineffective at reducing crime and subsequently is no longer in use.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________________ believed that classes are social conflict groups, the determinant of which can be found in the participation in or exclusion from the exercise of authority.
A) Karl Marx
B) Ralf Dahrendorf
C) Friedrich Engels
D) George Vold
E) Richard Quinney
Q4) Ralf Dahrendorf held that the presence of conflict in a society is abnormal.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design model focuses on all of the following EXCEPT
A) natural surveillance.
B) natural access control.
C) territorial reinforcement.
D) defensible space.
E) age of the offender.
Q2) Advocates of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design feel that it is an approach to crime prevention that is successful on its own.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The fourth stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________.
A) policy formation
B) program evaluation and reassessment
C) identification of the problem
D) agenda setting or the prioritization of problems
E) program implementation
Q4) List the three specific objectives of the National Crime Prevention Strategy.
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Chapter 12: Future Directions and Emerging Trends
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Q1) Any crime that involves a computer as the object of the crime or as the tool used to commit a material component of the offence is known as ________.
A) Cross-national crime
B) Comparative crime
C) Multi-national crime
D) Cybercrime
E) Cross-cultural crime
Q2) The Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) reports that today's organized crime syndicates have become quasi-corporate in their activities and are now involved in all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) arms dealing
B) globalization
C) environmental crime
D) trafficking and smuggling of humans
E) money laundering
Q3) Futurists are those criminologists who focus specifically on the problem of human trafficking.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14