Criminological Research Methods
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Criminological Research Methods provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the principles, strategies, and techniques used to conduct research in the field of criminology. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative research methods, including survey design, interviews, participant observation, and statistical analysis. Students learn how to formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and critically evaluate research findings. Ethical considerations in criminological research, challenges in accessing vulnerable populations, and issues of validity and reliability are also explored. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the practical skills needed to design and implement rigorous research projects that contribute to the understanding of crime and criminal justice.
Recommended Textbook
Essential Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods 1st Edition by Peter B. Kraska
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12 Chapters
395 Verified Questions
395 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Criminal Justice and Criminology Research:
Mapping the Terrain
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) NCVS is the acronym for the National Crime Victimization Survey,which is the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _________________ attempts to make theoretical sense of documents by analyzing their cultural meaning.The content of documents is generally seen as its "text," but recently this genre of inquiry includes visual images as well (still pictures and video images).
A)ethnographic field research
B)qualitative document analysis
C)historical research
D)academic legal research
Answer: B
Q3) Quantitative research as using text,language,and visually based data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Science and Research
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33 Verified Questions
33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientists may argue intensely with one another and tear apart a research report as part of the norm of organized skepticism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) __________________ is a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences.
A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge
Answer: A
Q3) __________________ can be defined as a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation.
A)data
B)empirical evidence
C)theory
D)hypothesis
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
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33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The variable that is the effect or is the result or outcome of another variable is the
A)independent variable
B)variable
C)unit of analysis
D)dependent variable
Answer: D
Q2) Deductive theorizing begins with specific observations of empirical evidence.On the basis of its observations and evidence,it constructs a more abstract set of ideas and concepts that explain the object of research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A hypothesis is a theoretical statement that specifies the relationship between two or more concepts (variables)and says something about the kind of relationship it is.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Ethics and Reviewing the Literature
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32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a moral principle of the feminist/critical model of research ethics?
A)ethical research is multivocal.
B)ethical research requires engaging in a dialogue within the communities of the people they wish to study.
C)ethical research requires the fair economic compensation of participants.
D)research processes must involve researchers and participants on open,equal terms will equalize power relations,generating a grass-roots criticism that can facilitate greater reflection and mutual political and moral awareness.
Q2) ____________ means that people remain nameless,the subject's identity is protected,and the individual is unknown.
A)monogamy
B)confidentiality
C)anonymity
D)privacy
Q3) The existing literature can help us to better understand the object of study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the general principles of ethical research?
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Chapter 5: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Triangulation of method means mixing qualitative and quantitative styles of research and data.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Similar to storytelling,the quantitative researcher stitches,edits,and puts slices of reality together in order to create a new,more comprehendible representation of that reality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
Q4) What are the best ways to select topic for research?
Q5) A ____________ is an interpretation where the researcher links the second order interpretation to general theories and larger social/cultural/historical contexts.
A)first-order interpretation
B)second-order interpretation
C)third-order interpretation
D)fourth-order interpretation
Q6) Explain the four types of triangulation.
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Chapter 6: Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement and Sampling
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ links a conceptual definition to a specific set of quantitative measurement techniques or procedures.
A)Validity
B)Reliability
C)Operationalization
D)Conceptualization
Q2) Quota sampling is a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____________ is the process of taking a rough or vague idea and refining it by giving it a conceptual or theoretical definition.
A)Validity
B)Reliability
C)Operationalization
D)Conceptualization
Q4) List and describe the types of measurement reliability and validity.
Q5) Explain the different types of probability sampling.
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Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Criminal
Justice Research
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the principles for accessing the feasibility of crime and justice experiments?
Q2) Also called the one-group posttest-only design,the _________________ has only one group,a treatment,and a posttest.Because there is only one group,there is no random assignment.
A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design
Q3) ______________is the threat that research participants will not form equivalent groups.It plagues designs without random assignment.
A)selection bias
B)experimental mortality
C)treatment integrity
D)Internal validity
Q4) List and describe the major threats to internal validity.
Q5) What are the steps in conducting an experiment?
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Chapter 8: Survey and Interview Methods
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33 Verified Questions
33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Questions such as: what would you estimate the overall addiction rate is for crack cocaine use and is there a "crack house" in your neighborhood are designed to measure
A)Knowledge.
B)Naïve assumption model
C)Self-classification.
D)Policies.
Q2) Surveys and interview research are merely formalized extensions of how we have gone about generating knowledge our whole lives.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A __________________ (structured,fixed response)both asks a question and gives the respondent fixed responses from which to choose.
A)double-barreled question
B)leading question
C)open-ended question
D)closed-ended question
Q4) Explain the naïve assumption model of survey interviews.
Q5) What should you avoid when writing survey questions?
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Chapter 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is a general name for a communication medium from which symbolic meaning is measured in content analysis.
A)text
B)content analysis
C)Content analysis
D)unobtrusive observation
Q2) Coding the visible,surface content in a text is called _____________.For example,a researcher counts the number of times a phrase or word (e.g. ,red)appears in written text,or whether a specific action (e.g. ,a kiss)appears in a photograph or video scene.
A)Intercoder reliability
B)stability reliability
C)manifest coding
D)fallacy of misplaced concreteness
Q3) Nonreactive research is the second most common research method used in crime and justice studies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the categories of unobtrusive measures.
Q5) Explain the four characteristics of content identified in coding systems.
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Chapter 10: Crime and Justice Ethnographic Field Research
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38 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Field researchers may be able to see and learn about only public,noncontroversial events in the beginning,but with time and effort they can gain entry to more hidden, Intimate,and controversial information.This is referred to as an:
A)access ladder
B)builds rapport
C)informant
D)gatekeeper
Q2) The attitude of strangeness means we question and notice ordinary details or look at the ordinary through the eyes of a stranger.Strangeness helps us to overcome the boredom of observing ordinary details.It helps us see in a way that reveals aspects of the setting of which members are not consciously aware.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People constantly acknowledge tacit knowledge and are explicitly aware of.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People are aware of explicit knowledge and readily discuss it.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Historical, Qualitative, Document Analysis, Academic Legal, and Mixed Methods Research
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33 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mixed methods approach assumes that mixing qualitative methods with quantitative methods will yield more complete knowledge about a research question than any one type might alone-what's known as:
A)monomethod.
B)mixed methods research
C)case reviews
D)multiscannings
Q2) Criminal justice/criminology is witnessing an increasing interest in historical research.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Historical research has played a quiet yet central role in understanding the police,corrections,courts,law,and crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How do is mixed method research conducted?
Q5) Pseudoproof is the placement a historical event within its full context.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____________ is a set of rules stating that certain numbers are assigned to variable attributes.
A)precoding
B)codebook
C)coding procedure
D)coding
Q2) _______________ is the most difficult to compute measure of dispersion;it is also the most comprehensive and widely used.
A)Percentiles
B)Z-score
C)Standard deviation
D)Range
Q3) ___________ statistics portray phenomena using numbers.
A)descriptive
B)statistics
C)univariate
D)multivariate
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