Criminal Justice Systems
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth overview of the structures, functions, and processes of criminal justice systems, with a primary focus on policing, courts, and corrections. Students will examine the roles and interrelationships of these components in maintaining law and order, delivering justice, and safeguarding the rights of individuals. The course also explores crime theory, contemporary policy issues, legal frameworks, and the challenges faced by criminal justice professionals. By analyzing comparative models from different jurisdictions, students gain a broader perspective on justice administration and reforms affecting society.
Recommended Textbook
The Police in America An Introduction 8th Edition by Samuel Walker
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Police and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) All police officers are peace officers, but all peace officers are not police officers. The legal status of peace officers is defined by
A)Congress.
B)communities.
C)statute.
D)education.
Answer: C
Q2) The emphasis on crime fighting also creates unrealistic public expectations about the ability of the police to
A)catch criminals and prevent crime.
B)provide successful community policing.
C)correct family problems and prevent domestic violence.
D)reduce gang violence in major cities.
Answer: A
Q3) Zero tolerance policing concentrates only on the major crime issues that affect the community.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The History of the American Police
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Q1) The "father of modern policing" is Robert Peel.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The idea of local control of police agencies was contributed to American policing by our
A)German heritage.
B)English heritage.
C)French heritage.
D)Roman heritage.
E)Dutch heritage.
Answer: B
Q3) A 1998 report by Human Rights Watch concluded that race no longer plays a central role in police brutality in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Contemporary Law Enforcement Industry
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text considers federal police to be the most important component of American law enforcement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In what way do sheriffs have a unique role?
A)They are involved in most community policing programs.
B)They serve all three components of the criminal justice system.
C)They do not participate in index crimes reporting.
D)They are not accountable to the public.
Answer: B
Q3) What is the difference between state police and highway patrol?
A)They are the same.
B)Highway patrols have traffic authority only.
C)State police work for the sheriff's department.
D)State police have statewide police powers for traffic and criminal investigations.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Police Organizations
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Q1) There are two schools of thought on how to improve police organizations.The dominant school accepts the basic principles of the organization and seeks to apply them more effectively.Which of the following is an example of this approach?
A)This approach seeks to gain greater control of discretion through written rules.
B)This approach seeks to use alternative decision-making procedures that operate within the existing formal structure via task forces.
C)This approach seeks to employ community policing programs.
D)This approach seeks to employ zero-tolerance policing programs.
Q2) Why are bureaucracies often accused of being too self-serving and inward-looking?
A)There is too much administrative influence.
B)Organizational self-protection and survival are seen to take precedence over the goals of the organization.
C)Litigation fees and insurance take precedence.
D)There are too many policies limiting police exposure to the public.
Q3) What are the five major advantages in using a multi-agency task force in the investigation of gangs and drugs?
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Chapter 5: Police Of cers I: Entering Police Work
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Q1) Recruiting women for positions on the police force is difficult because many people view policing as
A)a dishonorable line of work.
B)a poorly paying career.
C)a traditional male occupation.
D)a low position in society.
Q2) The police academy experience serves which of the following functions?
A)It provides formal training.
B)It is the process for weeding out unqualified recruits.
C)It is a rite of passage into the police subculture.
D)all of these
Q3) The appeal of jobs in a police department often depends on
A)the state of the economy and how the pay and benefits compare to other jobs.
B)the breadth and depth of the character investigation.
C)whether or not the organization conducts drug testing.
D)whether or not the organization conducts polygraph examinations.
Q4) Most officers select the opportunity to exercise authority and power as a main reason for wanting to be a police officer.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Police Of cers II: on the Job
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Q1) If the criminal justice system is working properly, it is difficult for officers
A)to act solely on the basis of their personal prejudices.
B)to act in a discriminatory manner against minorities.
C)to view themselves other than as objective enforcers of the law.
D)to act in a proper manner with any person of color.
Q2) According to the text, officers with a passive style
A)initiate many contacts with the community to avoid paperwork.
B)tend to respond to other officers' calls.
C)make few traffic stops and arrests.
D)care only about secure pensions and decent medical insurance.
Q3) Officers hired in one decade often have ideas and lifestyles different from those of officers hired in another decade.This phenomenon, which can generate conflicts within police departments, is known as the
A)cohort effect.
B)generation effect.
C)rookie effect.
D)fraternal effect.
Q4) Shift assignments are usually based on seniority.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Patrol: the Backbone of Policing
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Q1) In larger U.S.cities, most squad cars have two police officers assigned to them.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When an officer stops or questions people, frisks suspicious citizens, and makes informal contacts with law-abiding citizens, this is called
A)officer-initiated activity.
B)over-enforcement.
C)zealous enforcement.
D)rate busting.
E)harassment.
Q3) What are some of the reasons why citizens delay calling the police?
Q4) The inefficiency of foot patrol coverage is offset by anticipated gains in what area?
A)reduction of crime rate
B)cost saving measures
C)quick response time
D)police-community relations
Q5) There have been four major observational studies of police patrol over the past 50 years.List and describe those four studies.
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Chapter 8: Peacekeeping and Order Maintenance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The rate of alcohol-related traffic fatalities (based on the number of licensed vehicles and/or drivers) has
A)declined steadily since the 1920s.
B)declined during the 1990s but has risen for the last six years.
C)increased to an all time high in 2005.
D)increased for the last 20 years.
Q2) What is the estimated yearly gross revenue from prostitution in the United States?
A)$11-$13 million
B)$2-$3 billion
C)$4-$6 million
D)$7-$9 billion
Q3) When people use the police for missing children, medicals crises, suicide attempts, or being locked out of their car, this activity is called
A)obtaining an emergency service.
B)counterpunching.
C)maintaining a social boundary.
D)relieving an unpleasant situation.
Q4) What are the four citizen expectations, as proposed by John C.Meyer?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Police and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) In practice, patrol officers make about __________ of all arrests.
A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)40 percent
D)60 percent
E)80 percent
Q2) Which of the following is not a way by which police learn about crimes?
A)citizen reports
B)police on-view observation
C)police initiated investigations
D) the forensic index of the NDIS
Q3) Informants are an important source of information about criminal activity.They are especially useful in __________ investigations.
A)murder
B)armed robbery
C)victimless crimes
D)tax fraud
E)jay walking
Q4) What are three reasons that a police officer might unfound a crime?
Q5) What are some of the myths about detective work?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Innovations in Police Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Concerning Neighborhood Watch programs, studies find they are typically more active and have a closer working relationship with police in the areas of
A)low-income inner city areas.
B)affluent suburban areas with little crime.
C)rural areas with low population growth.
D)inner-city areas showing signs of neighborhood decay.
Q2) How does zero tolerance differ from community policing?
A)Zero tolerance is not based on the broken windows theory.
B)Zero tolerance focuses on crime prevention.
C)Zero tolerance assumes that communities in need are least likely to have strong social institutions.
D)Zero tolerance moves away from the crime attack model.
Q3) Which of the following is not expected of managers in community policing?
A)assisting neighborhood officers
B)facilitating training opportunities
C)counseling officers on political issues
D)focusing on issues of control through discipline
Q4) Describe the six basic points of the CAPS program.
Q5) How does zero-tolerance policing differ from other police strategies?
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Chapter 11: Police Discretion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability of arrest and officers use of force increase when a suspect is
A)wanted by law enforcement.
B)socially rejected by law enforcement.
C)disrespectful toward police.
D)offends others in the presence of police.
Q2) In the Justice Department report on "'Broken Windows' and Police Discretion," what does George L.Kelling suggest is necessary for the police to effectively address quality-of-life issues in neighborhoods?
A)more money to recruit qualified officers
B)better and newer equipment, especially computers
C)more rigorous training standards
D)clear guidance in the form of rules that tell them both what they should do and what they should not do
Q3) According to the text, which of the following is a type of discretion that is sometimes argued about abolishing?
A)use of informants
B)mandatory sentencing systems
C)sting operations and arrests
D)plea bargaining
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Legitimacy and Community Relations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The data from one Bureau of Justice Statistics survey
A)demonstrate that racial profiling by white officers against black suspects is at an all time high.
B)demonstrates that both white and black officers engage in racial profiling.
C)demonstrates that people of different races who live in the same area similarly perceive the same activities and reputations of their police departments.
D)demonstrates that Hispanics are never profiled
Q2) Different outcomes in policing that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment, is called
A)disparity.
B)variation.
C)demographic.
D)discrimination.
Q3) According to William A.Westley, the police subculture view of citizens is that A)a face-to-face encounter with a citizen is always going to be confrontational.
B)for the most part, all encounters with citizens are negative.
C)generally, the citizenry needs police and are accepting of them.
D)the public was against the police or hated the police.
Q4) What are the four dimensions of trust in policing?
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Chapter 13: Police Corruption
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Christopher Commission investigated which police department?
A)Los Angeles
B)New York City
C)Chicago
D)Las Vegas
E)Denver
Q2) The refusal of officers to testify against other officers is called
A)the big lie.
B)the blue curtain of silence.
C)the blue brotherhood.
D)the cover-up.
E)the Police Mafia.
Q3) Excessive use of force is known as abuse of authority.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ivkovic's historical analysis of police corruption suggests that very few officers are seriously punished for engaging in corruption.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the six costs of police corruption?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Accountability of the Police
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Q1) The unwillingness of police officers to report misconduct by other officers is called the
A)performance closure.
B)code of silence.
C)unity of silence.
D)brotherhood of blue.
Q2) Edward Littlejohn's study of police misconduct litigation in Detroit through the 1970s found that suits
A)produce many reforms and changes.
B)produce few reforms.
C)produce changes in who is the chief of police.
D)produce changes in how the police academies trained their recruits.
Q3) What are the four basic models of citizen oversight?
Q4) Which of the following is an example of a blue-ribbon commission?
A)the American Civil Liberties Union
B)the Christopher Commission
C)the Justice Department
D)the Civil Protection Commission
Q5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of accreditation for law enforcement agencies?
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Chapter 15: The Future of Policing in America
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Q1) Although many police agencies hire civilians to enforce community physical disorder ordinances, very few state agencies grant individuals police powers to perform various regulatory functions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Strategic crime analysis is different from tactical crime analysis in that the focus of the former is on long-term planning and larger, more complex projects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) There are many opportunities for individuals aspiring to a federal law enforcement career since the creation of the
A)Transportation Security Administration.
B)International Commerce Administration.
C)Department of Homeland Security.
D)Enhanced Central Intelligence Agency.
Q4) Most federal agencies require an applicant to have a four-year college degree to be hired.
A)True B)False
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