Criminal Justice Research Methods
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice Research Methods introduces students to foundational techniques and principles used to study crime, law enforcement, judicial processes, and corrections. The course covers qualitative and quantitative research designs, including surveys, experiments, field observations, and content analysis, emphasizing how to formulate research questions, gather and analyze data, and interpret findings. Ethical considerations, validity, reliability, and the use of statistical software are also discussed. Students gain practical experience in designing research projects and critically evaluating existing studies, developing skills essential for evidence-based practice in criminal justice fields.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study that is developed to determine whether a new immigration law is effective is considered what type of study?
A) evaluative
B) descriptive
C) comprehensive
D) exploratory
Answer: A
Q2) Social research is evidence-based so answers that are derived are static,that is,they never change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Explanatory research
A)is compatible with exploratory and descriptive research.
B)identifies sources of social behaviors and beliefs.
C)answers the question "does it work?"
D)has an outcome of practical recommendations.
Answer: B
Q4) Who are the primary consumers of basic and applied research?
Answer: other researchers and practitioners (teachers,etc. )
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Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) A topic that is appropriate for social research generalizes social patterns that operate in aggregates and are empirically observable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Discuss peer review and "blind review" process.
Answer: Reviewer does not know the identity of peer reviewers who evaluate the manuscript and reviewers do not know who conducted the study.Personal relationships don't impact the review of the manuscripts.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true? Scholarly journals
A)are commonly found in college or university libraries.
B)have a reference or bibliography section that lists sources in detail.
C)have peer-reviewed articles within them.
D)are not part of any index location system.
Answer: D
Q4) Define aggregates in the context of choosing a research topic.
Answer: collection of people or units
Q5) In general,with quantitative data a researcher follows a(n)______ path.
Answer: linear
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name two groups that are considered special populations.
Answer: students,prison inmates,employees,military personnel,the homeless,welfare recipients,children,developmentally disabled
Q2) A sponsor tells Mr.Marsh that it will pay for his research if the results come out a certain way.
A)The ethical choice is for him to refuse to continue the study.
B)He is conducting value free research.
C)Sponsors always request this.
D)Sponsors will not conduct research without this request.
Answer: A
Q3) There are some very clear prohibitions in regard to human subject research,including
A)never causing unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants.
B)under certain circumstances,getting voluntary consent from research participants.
C)making sure that all the research participants get the experimental treatment.
D)keeping certain people from participating.
Answer: A
Q4) Two major types of______ are plagiarism and research fraud. Answer: scientific misconduct
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Chapter 4: Sampling
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Q1) A quasi-random sampling method when a computer is not available is______.
Q2) Mr.Marsh is creating a list of sample elements using a telephone directory.The list is called a(n)
A)universe.
B)population.
C)sampling frame.
D)target.
Q3) Dr.Van Offer has proposed a study of a population with Hepatitis C,a blood/liver disease that is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids (sexual contact,sharing needles,etc. ).Since he does not have access to medical records because of confidentiality,how will he "find" this population,i.e.what type of sampling techniques might he use? What is this kind of population called? Give two other examples of this type of population.
Q4) What are the three steps in quota sampling?
Q5) The crucial feature in snowball sampling is that each person or case has a(n)______ with one another.
Q6) What is the difference between haphazard and random in regard to sampling?
Q7) Define convenience sampling.
Q8) What are two critical features of true random processes?
Q9) Discuss confidence interval.What does it mean statistically? Page 6
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Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Q1) Mr.Marsh is measuring temperature in his research.He will be using what variable level of measure?
A)nominal
B)interval
C)ratio
D)ordinal
Q2) Mr.Marsh has received criticism that his most recent study lacks reliability.He is concerned with how he might improve future studies.If he uses pilot versions of a measure,how might it improve reliability? If not a pilot version,what else could he use?
Discuss three other ways that he could improve reliability.
Q3) In a study with quantitative data,a researcher typically moves from the______ concepttoward a(n)______ measure.
Q4) The ______ differential measures a person's subjective feelings about a concept,object,or other person indirectly by using sets of polar opposite adjectives to create a rating scale.
Q5) Reliability is necessary for validity and is easier to achieve than validity.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Page 8
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Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) The length of a questionnaire depends on the format of the survey and A)on where it takes place.
B)how much time a researcher has to publish.
C)on respondent characteristics.
D)where the majority of the respondents want to meet.
Q2) What is the difference between a standard-format question and a full-filter question?
Q3) Discuss the advantages/disadvantages of different survey formats.In particular,discuss mail questionnaires,telephone interviews,face-to-face interviews,and web surveys.
Q4) The three stages for gathering data to test a hypothesis using a survey are start-up,execution,and ______.
Q5) Good answer choices in closed format should have three features,including which of the following?
A)mutually exclusive
B)exhaustive
C)balanced
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a mailed questionnaire?
Q7) What are control variables?
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) The weakness of static group comparison is that a researcher doesn't know whether group differences prior to the experiment caused differences in ______.
Q2) A factorial design has how many categories in the first,second,and third independent variables? (Answer in this order. )
Q3) Discuss interrupted time series and equivalent time series.What might be the advantage of the equivalent series?
Q4) A placebo is
A)sometimes called a sugar pill.
B)a noneffective or inactive independent variable.
C)used in double-blind experiments.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q5) Why is a Latin Square design different from factorial design?
Q6) What is a double-blind experiment?
Q7) In experiments,the ______ variable is something a researcher does,introduces or manipulates.
Q8) Researchers consult with a(n)______ when there is a question about potential risk or harm to participants.
Q9) Discuss ethical considerations and deception in conducting experiments.
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Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) Which of the following are things a researcher would do to conduct a study with physical evidence?
A)Identify a physical evidence measure of a behavior of interest.
B)Compare the two variables of the hypothesis using quantitative data analysis.
C)Systematically record the physical evidence.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q2) When a researcher uses coding,s/he turns aspects of text content into quantitative variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What challenge(s)does a researcher face in doing existing statistics research?
A)the cost of data
B)turning variables into questions
C)the ability to locate participants
D)None of these answers are correct.
Q4) Content analysis is useful in three research issues,why is it especially useful with topics studied at a distance?
Q5) An issue that occurs when a scientist quotes statistics in excessive detail is called a(n)______
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) When using bivariate statistics,the researcher
A)can look at two variables together simultaneously and evaluate the statistical relationships between variables.
B)uses 8-10 variables at the same time.
C)uses a diagram and map together.
D)None of these answers are correct.
Q2) A Z-score is a standardized measure that uses what two measures in one score?
Q3) Variation can be measured in three ways: range,percentile,and A)mean.
B)median.
C)standard deviation.
D)mode.
Q4) This measure is the most comprehensive measure of variability,giving an "average" difference between all scores and the mean.It is called what?
A)median
B)standard deviation
C)Z-score
D)mode
Q5) What three aspects of a bivariate relationship are revealed in a scattergram?
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Q1) A focus group is usually conducted by telephone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As a researcher learns how to fit in by learning rules,customs,etc. ,he/she does what?
A)normalizes
B)play acts
C)negotiates
D)lies
Q3) Three types of field site events for sampling include: routine,______,and unanticipated.
Q4) _________ questions focus on the similarities or differences among the categories,processes,or aspects after structural questions.
Q5) When a researcher learns to act as if she cares and is not bored or distracted,she maintains a(n)______.
Q6) Researchers ask three types of field interview questions,______,structural,and contrast questions.
Q7) _________ is the most common ethical issue that field researchers face.
Q8) Name three types of field site events that a researcher can sample.
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Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) Comparative researchers use several types of data and combine types together in one study.Name four data/research types.
Q2) Historical-comparative research does not require a researcher to follow a fixed set of steps;however,it involves several processes that typically START with A)conceptualizing the issue.
B)acquiring the necessary background.
C)locating and evaluating the evidence.
D)organizing the evidence.
Q3) The historian's main goal is to locate,collect,validate,and analyze primary sources.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For convenience,most comparative researchers use what as their unit of analysis?
A)state
B)country
C)continent
D)nation-state
Q5) Discuss ethical ramifications of historical-comparative research.
Q6) Discuss the five similarities between historical-comparative and field research.
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) In a(n)______ research report,a researcher presents hypotheses and evidence in a logically tight and condensed style.
Q2) Prewriting means that a researcher
A)relaxes until a consultant finishes the initial footwork.
B)takes a 6-month break before writing.
C)begins with a file folder full of notes,outlines,and lists.
D)writes a preliminary final report before analyzing the data.
Q3) ______ creates a link between a rapid flow of ideas in the mind and writing.The idea is to get ideas on paper as quickly as possible to get and keep the creative juices or ideas flowing.
Q4) Part of the rewriting process in which the researcher focuses on improving the mechanical aspects of writing is ______.
Q5) An essential part of the research process,where the researcher communicates the results of her study,is the A)final speech.
B)congratulatory party.
C)research report.
D)report card.
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