Criminal Justice
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice is an interdisciplinary course that explores the foundations, structures, and processes of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. Students will examine key concepts such as crime, punishment, due process, and the rights of the accused, while analyzing the social, political, and economic factors that influence justice in society. The course also addresses current issues like juvenile justice, criminal justice reform, and the impact of technology on policing and surveillance, equipping students with a comprehensive understanding of how justice is administered and the challenges faced by practitioners in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Juvenile Justice Policies Programs and Practices 3rd Edition by Robert Taylor
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Chapter 1: The Juvenile Justice System
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Sample Questions
Q1) A procedure by which a juvenile is removed from the juvenile justice process and provided with treatment services is called ____________.
A)aftercare
B)probation
C)diversion
D)release
E)early release
Answer: C
Q2) Any behavior that is prohibited by the juvenile law of a state is called __________.
A)crime
B)felonies
C)delinquency
D)delinquent felons
E)protectionism of children
Answer: C
Q3) In most states, smoking marijuana is considered a status offense.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: History of the Juvenile Justice System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juvenile crime, like other forms of crime, increased dramatically during the Clinton Administration.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) National trends indicate that juvenile justice systems are growing more formal, restrictive, and punitive.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The Society for the Prevention of Pauperism focused on the plight of dirty, foul-mouthed children who thronged the city streets and subsisted on picking pockets.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The juvenile court system started in the United States in New York in 1844. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Juvenile Crime, Criminals, and Victims
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juveniles are responsible for most crimes in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Having peers who disapprove of delinquent behavior has not been found to be a protective factor against delinquency.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The phrase used to describe the number of crimes committed, but undiscovered or unreported, is _________________.
A)misinformation
B)missing information
C)the dark figure of crime
D)the mismeasurement of man
E)the missing data
Answer: C
Q4) What is the "hierarchy rule?"
Answer: Answers will vary
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Chapter 4: Choice, Deterrence, Biological, and Psychological Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) This type of deterrence seeks to discourage would-be delinquents from committing delinquent acts because of the threat of punishment.
A)proposed deterrence
B)general deterrence
C)specific deterrence
D)actual deterrence
E)theoretical deterrence
Q2) Dizygotic twins are also know as identical twins.
A)True
B)False
Q3) This type of deterrence is imposed on adjudicated delinquents in order to deter them from continuing to commit delinquent acts in the future.
A)proposed deterrence
B)specific deterrence
C)general deterrence
D)actual deterrence
E)theoretical deterrence
Q4) How do Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson explain the changes in crime rates?
Page 6
Q5) Describe in detail the Positive School of Criminology.
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Chapter 5: Social Structure, Social Process, and Social
Reaction Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juveniles that are unable to cope with strain and commit delinquent acts are likely to be overly sensitive, have an explosive temperament, have a low tolerance for adversity, and have poor problem-solving skills.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ____________ focus on the onset and termination of delinquency at different stages over the course of one's life.
A)Social reaction theories
B)Life course theories
C)Social process theories
D)Social structure theories
E)Social detachment theories
Q3) If lower-class students fail at school, they will not be able to attain their goal of middle-class status.This is known as status frustration.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How are Sutherland's differential association theory and Akers's differential reinforcement theory different? How are they similar?
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Chapter 6: Delinquency Prevention and Intervention
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the three philosophies behind delinquency prevention programs listed in Chapter Six?
Q2) Most juvenile delinquents are chronic offenders who have multiple contacts with the juvenile justice system and criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Provide an overview of the 10 program principles that lead to positive outcomes as defined by the American Youth Policy Forum.
Q4) The SHIELD program uses the contacts that police officers make in the course of their duties to identify youth who are at risk of becoming involved in violent behavior, gangs, substance abuse, or other delinquent activities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In teen court, _______________________.
A)many parts of teen court are staffed by juveniles
B)all of the key players are still adults
C)only adults can serve as judges
D)the courts deal with teen issues but are staffed by adults
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Chapter 7: Police and Juveniles
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the _____________ style of policing, the officer uses criminal law, threats, temporary custody and problem solving to keep the peace.
A)professional
B)legalistic
C)watchman
D)service
Q2) How do some police officers view juvenile assignments?
Q3) Officers who tend to approach juvenile matters "by the book" are probably from a ___________ style department.
A)professional
B)legalistic
C)watchman
D)service
Q4) The book, Varieties of Police Behavior was written by _________________.
A)O.W.Wilson
B)Brian Wilson
C)James Q.Wilson
D)August Vollmer
E)none of the above
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Chapter 8: Juvenile Law and Procedure
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Sample Questions
Q1) In New Jersey v.T.L.O.the Court ruled that school officials need a warrant in order to search a student.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Juveniles are entitled to the same full due process rights as adults when facing criminal charges.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The U.S.Supreme Court in the _____________ case stated that a juvenile is entitled to an attorney, and it the child could not afford one, one would be appointed.
A)In re Gault
B)McKeiver v.Pennsylvania
C)Breed v.Jones
D)New Jersey v.T.L.O.E.Fare v.Michael C.
Q4) The courts have held that school authorities may question a student without giving him the Miranda warnings.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the case of Kent v.United States.
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Chapter 9: The Juvenile Court
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between a status offense and a criminal act?
Q2) The court authority granted by law to hear a case is called
A)waiver
B)authority
C)ownership
D)jurisdiction
E)command
Q3) What do the terms CINS, CHINS, PINS, JINS and MINS mean?
Q4) Juvenile cases included on the FBI's Violent Crime Index declined 28% between 1996 and 2005.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A procedure by which the juvenile is removed from the juvenile justice process and provided with treatment services is called ____________.
A)division
B)retribution
C)deterrence
D)the medical model
E)attrition
Q6) Who are the key players in a juvenile court and what are their roles?
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Chapter 10: Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the case of Stanford v.Kentucky.
Q2) Today, 38 states allow juveniles to be waived to adult courts while 12 states do not.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the three types of judicial waiver? Explain each in detail.
Q4) What percentage of juvenile cases are waived to adult court?
A)less than 1%
B)6%
C)8%
D)12%
E)16%
Q5) Explain the crimes of Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden.
Q6) At what age must a juvenile court relinquish control over a juvenile?
A)19
B)20
C)21
D)22
E)all of the above could be correct depending on the state
Q7) Explain all of the rights granted to juveniles by Kent v.United States.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Community-Based Corrections for Juveniles
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Sample Questions
Q1) John Augustus started the program Outward Bound.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The agency in charge of monitoring all youths on probation within a jurisdiction is called ________.
A)the juvenile court
B)the juvenile probation department
C)The Youth Authority
D)The Juvenile Crime Agency
E)Social Welfare of Juvenile Center
Q3) A type of community correctional facility where juvenile offenders report during the day for school, vocational, and other treatment programs is called
A)day treatment programs
B)house arrest
C)shock probation
D)community service
E)relaxed probation
Q4) What is the most common correctional sanction imposed on juvenile offenders?
Q5) What are mediation programs and how are they used?
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Chapter 12: Institutional Corrections for Juveniles
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Q1) An order by a juvenile court judge putting the juvenile in the custody of a state juvenile correctional authority, or another specific juvenile correctional facility, is called a
A)writ
B)waiver
C)consent degree
D)commitment
E)confinement authorization
Q2) The boot camp correctional philosophy is essentially guided by the idea that a juvenile delinquent needs structure and discipline in his life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Punishing and paying juveniles back for the harm they caused society is called
A)rehabilitation
B)deterrence
C)incapacitation
D)retribution
Q4) Explain Project Teams.What is it, what does it do?
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Chapter 13: Gangs and Delinquency
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Q1) What are the five strategies used by communities to combat gangs?
Q2) A response to gangs that involves efforts to mobilize the community to deal with gangs is called ________________.
A)community organization
B)opportunities provision
C)organizational change and development
D)social intervention
E)suppression
Q3) What percentage of street gangs are involved in the street sale of drugs?
A)12%
B)25%
C)42%
D)57%
E)80%
Q4) What are the goals of the G.R.E.A.T Program?
Q5) The definition of a gang is defined by federal law in order that each state can use the same definition.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is the RICO act?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Special Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some 50 to 80% of all child abuse cases involve some degree of substance abuse by the child's parents.
A)True B)False
Q2) From 1989 to 2005, almost every state had suffered an incident involving a school shooting or an episode of school violence where students have lost their lives.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the characteristics of chronic juvenile offenders?
Q4) Describe the chiva epidemic in the United States.
Q5) Explain paraphilia and its consequences.
Q6) Zero tolerance programs have undoubtedly improved school climate and student behavior as well as reducing school violence in general.
A)True B)False
Q7) Describe the effect of the Internet on child pornography.
Q8) Juvenile hackers are mostly young, black males from upper-class environments.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 15: Future Directions in Juvenile Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) Authors Stephen Tibbetts and Alex Piquero conducted a study in ________ and found that individuals who were born at low birth weight and were from a low socioeconomic status were more likely to have an early onset of delinquent behavior.
A)Cook County, Illinois
B)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C)Boston, Massachusetts
D)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
E)New York, New York
Q2) Project CRAFT began in 1994 and has been adopted in ____________.
A)North Dakota
B)Tennessee
C)Maryland
D)Florida
E)all of the above
Q3) Project CRAFT emphasizes competency development, community service, and offender accountability.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define the Juvenile Offenders Learning Tolerance (J.O.L.T.) program.
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