Criminal Justice
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice is an interdisciplinary course that explores the structure, functions, and processes of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Students will examine the history and evolution of criminal justice institutions, legal foundations, and key concepts such as due process, crime control, and the rights of the accused. The course also addresses contemporary issues like policing practices, juvenile justice, and the impact of policy reforms, while fostering critical analysis of ethical, social, and cultural factors influencing the administration of justice in society.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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16 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Criminal justice focuses on questions about the causes of crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A specific intent is an example of a __________ contribution to crime by the offender.
Answer: foreground
Q3) What limitations exist with the legal perspective of crime?
Answer: Answers should define the legal perspective of crime as human conduct in violation of the criminal laws set by the government. Answers should address some of the following limitations discussed in the textbook: yielding moral high ground to powerful individuals with influence on the law; that social, ethical, and individual significance influence immoral forms of behavior; and that the legalistic definition also suffers from lack of recognition that formalized laws have not always existed.
Q4) Truancy and running away from home are examples of __________.
Answer: delinquency
Q5) The sociological perspective considers crime to be a(n) __________ act.
Answer: antisocial
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Do you see what I see?" is a question that highlights the role of intersubjectivity in scientific observation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) During participant observation, the researcher's primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Ideally, criminological research should have an impact on politicians who formulate crime control ________.
Answer: policy
Q4) journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them
Answer: Refereed
Q5) A(n) ______ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.
Answer: hypothesis
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) Beccaria's influence over the framers of the U.S. Constitution was so great that some claim the ______ might not have existed except for his emphasis on individual rights in the face of state power.
Answer: Bill of Rights
Q2) The Panopticon was designed by
A) William Sumner.
B) Cesare Beccaria.
C) John Locke.
D) Jeremy Bentham.
Answer: D
Q3) The statement that offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make is typical of the _________ model.
Answer: justice
Q4) According to Bentham, punishment needs to be cruel and extreme in order to be an effective deterrent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The creation of street gangs and separatist groups is an example of the sociobiological principle of
A) altruism.
B) tribalism.
C) tokenism.
D) territoriality.
Q2) List the six main categories of early biological theories and their key elements.
Q3) Which of the following physical feature would not be an appropriate indicator of atavism?
A) Powerful jaws
B) Thin lips
C) A weak chin
D) Prominent tattoos
Q4) Contemporary biosocial theorists see the interaction between an individual and his or her environment as the key determining factor in most behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the main concerns with early biological theories of criminal behavior?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) What have researchers found about the effect of deficient MAOA activity on children?
A) Deficient MAOA activity may predispose children to adult violence
B) Deficient MAOA activity may predispose maltreated children to adult violence
C) Deficient MAOA activity may reduce the risk of adult violence among maltreated children
D) Deficient MAOA activity has no effect on children
Q2) The relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior in young males appears to be moderated by A) age.
B) the social environment.
C) genetics.
D) prenatal substance abuse.
Q3) The _________ defense used by Dan White argued that his consumption of junk food was evidence of depression.
Q4) The variable most likely to be related to violent crime is A) temperature.
B) barometric pressure.
C) rainfall.
D) humidity
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.
A) alternative
B) autoplastic
C) antiplastic
D) alloplastic
Q2) __________ is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial
A) Selective incapacitation
B) Cognitive behavioral intervention
C) Correctional psychology
D) The risk-need-responsivity model
Q3) What is the best predictor of adult antisocial behavior?
A) Child-onset psychopathy
B) Early antisocial behavior
C) Hallucinations and delusions
D) Child physical abuse
Q4) Psychological theories see __________ as the major motivational element within individuals.
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) It appears that certain forms of violence are more acceptable in the __________ portion of the United States.
A) Northeastern
B) Western
C) Southern
D) Midwestern
Q2) According to general strain theory, which of the following is not a strain likely to cause crime?
A) A strain that is associated with high levels of self-control
B) A strain that creates some pressure or incentive to engage in criminal coping
C) A strain that is perceived as high in magnitude
D) A strain that is seen as unjust
Q3) A juvenile who desires wealth but not entry into the middle class is the most crime-prone and is an example of Cloward and Ohlin's Type _______ youth.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
Q4) One criticism of __________ theories is that they are tautological.
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Delinquent behavior may enhance self-esteem.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The _________ deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense.
A) pure
B) secret
C) falsely accused
D) innocent
Q3) __________ refers to the efforts made by an interest group to have its ethnical views enacted into law.
Q4) Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss how social process theories and social development perspectives contribute to the understanding of crime causation as a whole today. Provide explanations with possible policy approaches.
Page 10
Q6) _________shaming condemns the crime but not the criminal.
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Early feminist criminologists, such as Adler and Simon, explained gender differences in crime rates as being due primarily to _____________.
Q2) _______ states that radical ideas must be translated into realistic social policies.
Q3) In general, the main policy implication of social conflict theory is
A) Social action programs to reduce social disorganization will lead to a decline in crime
B) Programs to enhance self-control and build prosocial bonds will prevent crime
C) Bring about social change and redistribute the wealth in society, and crime rates will fall
D) Develop ways to influence personality characteristics and crime will decrease
Q4) Convict criminology tends to be very personal and issue-based
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to the pluralist perspective, law violators suffer from some lapse that makes them unable to participate in the widespread agreement on values and behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The NCVS does not include information on crimes against children under the age of 12.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you are looking for national crime statistics and want self-report data, you should use which of the following sources of data?
A) The Uniform Crime Reports.
B) The National Incident-Based Reporting System
C) The National Crime Victimization Survey
D) None of the above
Q3) This chapter discusses a number of victimization theories. Which one do you think best explains criminal victimization, and why? Support your answer?
Q4) If a researcher is attempting to obtain data on crimes reported to the police in Los Angeles, the most appropriate source of data would be
A) the Uniform Crime Reports.
B) the National Crime Victimization Survey.
C) a local self-report survey of crime in Los Angeles.
D) None of these options would provide the required information
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an offender commits a crime during which someone dies, but the offender had no intention of killing, the offender cannot be convicted of first-degree murder.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a nonprimary homicide?
A) A man who regularly abuses his wife kills her during an abusive event
B) A woman is tired of the loud barking noises made by her next-door neighbor's dog and kills the dog. The dog's owner kills her in retaliation.
C) Two men meet in a bar and get into an argument over the Super Bowl, during which one man stabs and kills the other
D) None of these are nonprimary homicides
Q3) The most likely felony to result in a homicide is
A) robbery.
B) aggravated assault.
C) grand theft.
D) arson.
Q4) __________ assault involves a violent response by the male partner after the woman has tried to leave a violent relationship.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through A) security personnel.
B) technology.
C) increasingly severe penalties.
D) warning notices.
Q2) According to Alfred Blumstein, the __________ period is not one of the three distinct phases of a criminal career in property offending.
A) break-in
B) acceleration
C) burnout
D) stable
Q3) Cafeteria-style offending describes offending among gang members.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A professional fence who deals in only certain types of stolen goods is known as a(n) __________.
Q5) New account fraud is the more common type of identity theft.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is identity theft? What are the two main categories of identity theft?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) The __________ Act was the first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing the efforts of organized crime.
Q2) What approaches might best control organized crime? Give examples of these approaches
Q3) Martha Stewart was implicated in the insider trading scandal involving A) Enron.
B) WorldCom, Inc.
C) ImClone.
D) Arthur Anderson.
Q4) Currently, the concept of white-collar crime focuses on the A) persons involved.
B) occupational involved.
C) nature of the crime.
D) work environment.
Q5) According to Howard Abadinsky, increasing law enforcement resources is a way of reducing the economic lure of involvement in organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ___________fraud is any fraud connected with communications media.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ Act required the complete removal of heroin from all medicines.
A) Boggs
B) Narcotic Control
C) Harrison
D) Pure Food and Drug
Q2) __________refers to the process of finding a physician who is overly liberal in the type and amount of drug prescribed.
Q3) _________substances were widely accepted during the hippie movement of the 1960s.
Q4) __________involves escort services that advertise via the Internet.
Q5) Eradicating cultivated marijuana plants is an example of the __________ of drug control.
Q6) The Harrison Act effectively outlawed the street use of cocaine, heroin, and opium.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Some feminist groups are redefining prostitution as liberating sex work. A)True B)False
Q8) What are designer drugs?
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the case of __________, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected an earlier standard for the admissibility of scientific evidence and said that all relevant evidence is admissible unless otherwise provided by the U.S. Constitution or other relevant legal rules.
A) Frye v. U.S.
B) Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
C) Buck v. Bell
D) Reno v. ACLU
Q2) _________is a system used to match a suspect's fingerprints against stored records.
A) NCIC
B) AFIS
C) METAPOL
D) VICAP
Q3) Illegally obtaining computerized information through the path of direct access is usually taken by
A) malware creators.
B) business competitors.
C) office workers.
D) hackers.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) What are the three trends that the Congressional Research Service identified in modern terrorism?
Q2) Which organization has pledged to work with the President and law enforcement to ensure that civil liberties in the U.S. are not eroded as a result of the USA PATRIOT Act?
A) The U.S. Supreme Court
B) The ACLU
C) The Department of Homeland Security
D) The 9/11 Commission
Q3) A(n) __________ criminologist is involved in the cross-national study of crime.
A) ethnocentric
B) classical
C) biosocial
D) comparative
Q4) What are the key differences between domestic and international terrorism? Which is more dangerous and why?
Q5) State-sponsored terrorist groups are deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy tools.
A)True
B)False
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