Criminal Justice Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice provides a comprehensive overview of the institutions, processes, and practices that define the American justice system. The course examines law enforcement, courts, and corrections, exploring each component's role in upholding social order and the rule of law. It delves into crime theories, the rights of the accused, ethical dilemmas faced by practitioners, and the impact of public policy on justice administration. Students will gain insights into current challenges such as juvenile justice, community policing, mass incarceration, and reform efforts, preparing them for further study or careers in the criminal justice field.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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15 Chapters
797 Verified Questions
797 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly explain the concept of correlation.How do we know if two factors are correlates?
Answer: Correlates are factors that co-vary-when one variable changes,the other does as well.Correlation does not necessarily indicate causation.
Q2) Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita.
Answer: Mala in se crimes are considered "inherently bad," while mala prohibita refers to crimes that are time and culture bound.
Q3) What constitutes a crime can be defined in and out of existence by courts and legislators.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Universally condemned crimes are known as _____.
A) Mala in se
B) Mala prohibita
C) Actus reus
D) Mens rea
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term "index crime" refers to:
A) The nation's murder rate.
B) Part I offenses on the UCR.
C) Part II offenses on the UCR.
D) The rate of violent victimizations reported on the NCVS.
Answer: B
Q2) The "hierarchy rule" refers to the:
A) Fact that those of a higher socioeconomic status are less likely to be arrested for crimes.
B) Ranking system of different crime data sources by their level of accuracy.
C) Practice of only reporting the most serious offense committed in a given incident.
D) Tendency of respondents to only report serious crimes in self-report surveys.
Answer: C
Q3) One weakness of the NCVS is that it:
A) Only reflects crimes that have been reported to the police.
B) Only provides statistics on property crimes.
C) Is not based on a representative sample of the United States.
D) Does not provide any statistics on "victimless" crimes.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rather than exploring why individuals commit crime,_____ criminologists are interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.
A) Cartographic
B) Classical
C) Hedonistic
D) Neoclassical
Answer: A
Q2) _____ is a concept in rational choice theory referring to how people decide to offend.
A) Choice structuring
B) Choice offending
C) Rational structuring
D) Rational offending
Answer: A
Q3) Cartographic criminology is primarily interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term did Emile Durkheim coin to refer to normlessness,or a lack of rules,within society?
A) Anomie
B) Proletariat
C) Rebellion
D) Strain
Q2) Durkheim argued that crime is normal,inevitable,and socially useful.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which mode of adaptation is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them?
A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Retreatism
D) Ritualism
Q4) Identify and explain each of Merton's five modes of adaptation.Provide an example of each.
Q5) Describe the central argument of institutional anomie theory.
Q6) Identify and describe two modes of adaptation from Merton's strain theory.
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) An offender arrested for shoplifting states: "The store is owned by a huge company; they wouldn't have even noticed this loss." This is reflective of:
A) Appeal to higher loyalties.
B) Condemnation of the condemners.
C) Denial of injury.
D) Denial of responsibility.
Q2) Which of the following is credited with neutralization theory?
A) Ronald Akers
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
D) Gresham Sykes and David Matza
Q3) What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Q4) Identify one possible policy implication of differential association theory.
Q5) Labeling theory is unlike other criminal theories,in that it does not ask why crime rates vary,or why individuals differ in their initial propensity to commit crime.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Identify and briefly explain two out of the four social bonds identified by Hirschi.
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ problem refers to the question of whether traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women.
A) Emancipation
B) Gender ratio
C) Gender inequality
D) Generalizability
Q2) Conflict theory shares with labeling theory the idea crime is a social construct with no intrinsic meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A major critique of _____ is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala in se crimes.
A) Conflict
B) Feminist
C) Marxism
D) Peacemaking criminology
Q4) Describe George Vold's contributions to conflict theory.Based on this framework,what should be done to alleviate crime? Support your answer with what you have learned in the textbook.
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define "empathy."
Q2) Impulsiveness is a trait that has commonly been linked to criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People who are chronically under aroused have the lowest level of risk for criminal activity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Reducers are easily bored with levels of stimulation that are "just right" for most of us.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the relationship between crime and IQ.What does the research show regarding this relationship? Why is this topic controversial?
Q6) Individuals with a readily aroused _____ are easily socialized.
A) ANS
B) EEG
C) PCL-R
D) RAS
Q7) What is the "intellectual imbalance"? Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evolutionary psychologists have identified crime with behaviors that tend to promote the:
A) Affection effort.
B) Mating effort.
C) Parenting effort.
D) Presentation effort.
Q2) Mary and Johnny allocate a good deal of their time to caring for their newborn,in what evolutionary psychologists would refer to as their _____ effort.
A) Affection
B) Mating
C) Parenting
D) Presentation
Q3) The reward dominance theory comes from which school of thought?
A) Behavior Genetics
B) Evolutionary Psychology
C) Neuroscience
D) Psychology
Q4) According to reward dominance theory,what causes crime?
Q5) What is evolutionary psychology?
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Farrington,individuals with _____ tend to come from poor families,to be poorly socialized,low on anxiety,impulsive,sensation-seeking,have low IQ,and fail in school.
A) Long-Term Anti-Social Potential
B) Short-Term Anti-Social Potential
C) Social Disorganization
D) Techniques of Neutralization
Q2) What is a risk factor?
Q3) In Moffitt's theory,the _____ gap is the gap between the average age of puberty and the acquisition of socially responsible adult roles.
A) Adolescent
B) Delinquency
C) Juvenile
D) Maturity
Q4) Describe Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory,being sure to distinguish between LCP and AL.Do you agree with this theory? Why or why not?
Q5) ADHD is more prevalent among males than females.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might each of the following theoretical perspectives explain the crime of robbery? 1)Sociology; 2)Psychology; 3)Evolutionary Biology
Q2) Define and describe "domestic violence." What factors increase the risk of domestic violence?
Q3) Wealthy,white females are at the highest risk for rape victimization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Domestic violence is most prevalent in households with incomes:
A) Below $7,500
B) Between $7,500 and $24,999
C) Between $25,000 and $49,999
D) $50,000 or more
Q5) According to the World Health Organization,_____ has the lowest homicide rate in the world.
A) Columbia
B) France
C) Japan
D) The United States
Q6) Briefly explain the feminist theory of rape.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) More women commit arson than men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An offender overloads a gambling website with bogus messages and useless data,preventing it from doing further business until a ransom is paid.The crime in this case is best described as:
A) A denial of service attack.
B) Identity theft.
C) Phishing.
D) Piracy.
Q3) What is uttering?
Q4) What are some policy ideas to reduce the crime of embezzlement? Use theoretical arguments learned in this class to support your answer.
Q5) Proximity is the most important consideration for low- and mid-level burglars.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A person cannot commit forgery without uttering.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text,why would an individual with an antisocial personality get involved in a terrorist group?
Q2) To date,all known serial killers have been white males.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define "serial murder."
Q4) _____ is defined by the FBI as meaning "the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce in furtherance of political or social goals."
A) Aggravated assault
B) Forceful intmidation
C) Political crime
D) Terrorism
Q5) An individual engages in four murders over the period of several years; this individual is best identified as a:
A) Mass murderer.
B) Sadistic murderer.
C) Serial murderer.
D) Spree murderer.
Q6) Compare and contrast spree murder and serial murder.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) An individual's inhibitions are lowered due to the consumption of an illegal drug; in part due to this drug effect,the individual subsequently engages in a physical confrontation with a neighbor.This example of violence would be identified as identified as _____ in origin,according to your readings.
A) Conflict-oriented
B) Economic-compulsive
C) Pharmacological
D) Systemic
Q2) Girls who have experienced physical,sexual,and emotional abuse are more vulnerable to pressures to enter prostitution.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What general criteria are used by the DEA in determining how to classify chemical substances?
Q4) Those suffering from alcoholism may suffer withdrawal symptoms if they stop drinking.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the three ways that drugs are believed to contribute to violence.
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ crime is committed for personal gain,whereas _____ crime is committed on behalf of the organization.
A) Occupational; corporate
B) Corporate; occupational
C) White-collar; organized
D) Organized; white-collar
Q2) The view of La Cosa Nostra as a loose connection of criminal groups held together by kinship and patronage is known as the _____ model.
A) Corporate
B) Feudal
C) Hierarchical
D) Organizational
Q3) _____ crime is committed in the name of a company's profit and growth.
A) Corporate
B) Occupational
C) Organizational
D) Professional Occupational
Q4) Compare and contrast occupational crime and corporate crime.Provide examples of each to support your answer.
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Girls are more likely to be molested by their biological fathers than by stepfathers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following decreases individuals' risk of victimization?
A) Aging.
B) Being married.
C) Increasing household income.
D) All of the above.
Q3) Victim precipitation theory is credited to _____.
A) Amir
B) Gottfredson
C) Sampson
D) Von Hentig
Q4) Victim precipitation theory is most contentious when it is applied to _____.
A) Homicide
B) Rape
C) Robbery
D) Theft
Q5) Provide one example of a victim provoking a crime.
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