Criminal Justice Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice is an interdisciplinary course that explores the structures, functions, and processes of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. Students will examine the principles of justice, crime causation, criminal law, and the role of agencies and institutions in maintaining social order. The course also addresses contemporary challenges such as ethics, diversity, due process, and the impact of public policy, providing a foundational understanding of how justice is administered in society.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a background contribution by the offender?
A) A genetic inventory
B) A peculiar motivation
C) A specific intent
D) A drug-induced state of mind
Answer: A
Q2) What is criminology and what is a criminologist? What career paths are available for individuals earning various degrees in criminology?
Answer: Answers should define criminology and criminologists, and should discuss some of the career paths, including jobs available in the areas of criminalistics and criminal justice.
Q3) A _______________ studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.
A) scientist
B) criminal justice professional
C) criminologist
D) criminalist
Answer: C
Q4) Truancy and running away from home are examples of __________.
Answer: delinquency
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the Golden Age of Theory, there was a systematic attempt to link criminological research to theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Rival explanations or competing hypotheses are known as __________.
Answer: confounding effects
Q3) Which of the following is not a use of theory in social scientific thinking?
A) Theories supply frameworks within which concepts and variables acquire special significance
B) Theories link studies together
C) Theories can be improved through hypothesis testing
D) Theories provide patterns for the interpretation of data
Answer: C
Q4) journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them
Answer: Refereed
Q5) A(n) ______ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.
Answer: hypothesis
4
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Enlightenment emphasized ________ as the basic determinant of behavior
Answer: free will
Q2) _________ law forms the basis for much of modern statutory law.
Answer: Common
Q3) Rational choice theory recognizes that not everyone is capable of making rational decisions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What are the main justice policies that have been influenced by classical and neoclassical thought?
Answer: Answers should include definitions and discussion of determinate sentencing, truth in sentencing laws, and selective and collective incapacitation.
Q5) _________ is the likelihood that a given individual will later harm other individuals or society.
Answer: Dangerousness
Q6) Thomas Paine's writings on ________ influenced the writers of the U.S. Constitution.
Answer: natural rights
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Konrad Lorenz, much of what we call "crime" is the result of A) neuroses.
B) body types.
C) overcrowded living conditions.
D) free will
Q2) Which of the following would be most characteristic of a contemporary biological theorist?
A) A study looking at facial features and body type as indicators of criminality
B) An examination of family trees to identify inherited criminal traits
C) A focus on diet and environmental contaminants as a way of explaining behavior
D) A theory that downplays the role of the social environment in producing behavior
Q3) List the six main categories of early biological theories and their key elements.
Q4) Research using twins generally does not show support for the existence of genetic influences on criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain Konrad Lorenz's view of biological aggression and modern crime.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Genes cause human action
A)True
B)False
Q2) refers to the belief that the brain can alter its structure and function in response to experience.
Q3) What is the impact of sugar on behavior?
A) Excess sugar consumption may be linked to crime
B) Excess sugar consumption may lead to learning disabilities, which increase the risk of criminality
C) Hypoglycemia increase violent behavior
D) The current evidence is unclear
Q4) The variable most likely to be related to violent crime is
A) temperature.
B) barometric pressure.
C) rainfall.
D) humidity
Q5) Prenatal diet can affect the risk of delinquency of the child later in life.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ----------- are bundles of genes.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the A) morality and conscience.
B) unconscious mind.
C) reality principle.
D) pleasure principle.
Q2) Compared to non-profilers, trained criminal profilers tend to much more accurately estimate offender characteristics and motives based on information about their crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All psychotic people commit crimes at some point in their lives.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Taking away an offender's freedom by incarcerating him is an example of a A) positive reward.
B) negative reward.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.
Q5) Discuss the theory underlying the belief that violent video games may influence behavior and explain the basic argument.
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some researchers suggest that __________ theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause. A) strain
B) culture conflict
C) ecological
D) subcultural
Q2) One criticism of strain theory is that A) it overfocuses on the idea that spatial location determines crime and delinquency. B) it is racist
C) it lacks explanatory power.
D) participation in delinquency appears to shield delinquents from sources of despair.
Q3) What are some of the ways social structure theories help explain crime? What informal and formal arrangements do these theories look at?
Q4) According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ describes preexisting subcultural paths to success that are not approved of by the wider culture.
Q5) A subculture is communicated to participants through a process of __________.
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9
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the social development perspective, development begins well after birth.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Social development theories have been criticized for _______ issues.
A) structural
B) definitional
C) academic
D) theoretical
Q4) What contributions has labeling theory made to criminology?
Q5) According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is
A) inherited.
B) learned.
C) a function of culture conflict.
D) psychologically motivated.
Q6) How do social control theories differ from other theories of crime?
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following crime control policies probably would not be supported by a left realist?
A) Community policing
B) Neighborhood justice centers
C) Dispute resolution mechanisms
D) Mandatory minimum sentences
Q2) According to Chambliss and Seidman, the __________ a group's political or economic position, the __________ the probability that it's views will be reflected in laws.
A) lower; greater
B) lower; less
C) higher; greater
D) higher; less
Q3) Discuss the major criticisms of radical-critical criminology.
Q4) Radical feminists would suggest that the elimination of male domination would reduce rates of female crime and male violence against women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Miami's drug court is an example of a(n) __________ program.
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Restorative justice emphasizes making the victim whole again.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Victims of violence who experienced socio-emotional problems are _________ likely to report their victimization to the police.
Q3) According to Shafer, the level of _______________ responsibility determined the degree of victim provocation.
Q4) According to routine activities theory, the presence of a capable guardian is a necessary element for a crime to occur.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If you are looking for national crime statistics and want self-report data, you should use which of the following sources of data?
A) The Uniform Crime Reports.
B) The National Incident-Based Reporting System
C) The National Crime Victimization Survey
D) None of the above
Q6) ____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selective disinhibition focuses on explaining the role that alcohol plays in homicide.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If an offender commits a crime during which someone dies, but the offender had no intention of killing, the offender cannot be convicted of first-degree murder.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Men are at greater risk of workplace violence than women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Exploiting a minor for purposes of sexual gratification is an example of
Q5) The most common motivation for hate crimes is _________ bias.
Q6) Most child sexual abusers tend to be exhibit extremely similar personal characteristics and life experiences.
A)True
B)False
Q7) __________ involves the use of electronic communication to harass individuals.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act
A) criminalized identity theft.
B) made identity theft a federal crime
C) increased prison sentences for criminals convicted of various types of identity theft.
D) mandated the imposition of restitution when sentencing offenders convicted of identity theft.
Q2) During the __________ period of a property offender's criminal career, rehabilitation efforts are most likely to fail.
A) break-in
B) acceleration
C) burnout
D) stable
Q3) The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is
A) profit.
B) fun.
C) to meet a long-term need for transportation.
D) to meet an immediate need for transportation.
Q4) According to Mike Maguire's typology, ________ burglars are professionals.
Q5) The most frequently-occurring property crime is __________.
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) The rapid development of African criminal enterprises since the 1980s is due to
A) the response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the U.S.
B) the economic collapse in the early 21?? century.
C) advances in communications technology.
D) the collapse of the former Soviet union.
Q2) Environmental crimes involve violations of the criminal law that damage protected land areas.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A physician who bills Medicare for blood tests that are never actually performed is involved in __________ occupational crime.
A) organizational
B) state authority
C) professional
D) individual
Q4) Currently, the concept of white-collar crime focuses on the A) persons involved.
B) occupational involved.
C) nature of the crime.
D) work environment.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Q1) Which of the following is an argument against the legalization of prostitution?
A) Legalization will free law enforcement resources to be used on more serious crimes.
B) Legalization will expand rather than reduce the sex industry
C) Legalization will stop prostitutes from being viewed as easy targets.
D) Legalization will stop prostitution from being forced onto the streets
Q2) Federal law enforcement agencies focus on reducing drug trafficking by preventing the smuggling of illegal drugs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why can't drug abusers just summon up the willpower to stop taking drugs?
A) They do not have any willpower
B) Drug abuse is a matter of choice and drug abusers choose not to stop
C) Drug abuse is a disease that affects the brain and the ability to stop
D) Peer pressure overrides personal choice and willpower
Q4) Explain the difference between drug-defined crimes and drug-related crimes and given an example of each.
Q5) Some feminist groups are redefining prostitution as liberating sex work.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Planting a virus is an example of which category of cybercrime?
A) Internal cybercrime
B) Computer-manipulation crime
C) Support of criminal enterprises
D) Telecommunications crimes
Q2) The U.S. Constitution states that electronic documents and communications qualify for protection under the First and Fourth Amendments.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Typical phishing schemes generally reach only about 10,000 e-mail in-boxes
A)True
B)False
Q4) The _____________ is a citizens' group that focuses on refining notions of privacy and legality as they relate to telecommunications and other communications-based media.
A) The Computer Security Institute
B) The Cybersecurity Center
C) The National Computer Security Association
D) The Electronic Frontier Foundation
Q5) ____________used special dial-up access codes to avoid long-distance charges.
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethnocentrism does not interfere with the work of comparative criminologists.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The increasing integration of previously isolated events and their overlapping impact on people is a key aspect of globalization.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not a characteristic of terrorism?
A) It is premeditated or planned
B) It is aimed at civilians
C) It is perpetrated by the army of a country
D) It is politically motivated
Q4) What are the key differences between domestic and international terrorism? Which is more dangerous and why?
Q5) A group external to the U.S. that engages in terrorist activity may be considered for designation as a(n) __________.
Q6) According to the CIA, the end goal of al-Qaeda is to use _________.
Q7) The State Department has the authority to designate selected foreign governments as __________ of international terrorism
Page 18
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