Course Introduction
Criminal Justice
Exam Answer Key
Criminal Justice is a comprehensive course that explores the structure, functions, and processes of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Students will examine the roles and responsibilities of various agencies, the legal and ethical frameworks governing the system, and contemporary issues such as crime trends, justice policy, and reform movements. Through analysis of real-world cases and theoretical perspectives, the course provides a foundational understanding of how society defines and responds to crime, and highlights the impact of criminal justice on individuals and communities.
Recommended Textbook
Forensic Science An Introduction 2nd Edition by Saferstein Richard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bite marks would be LEAST likely to be found in cases involving:
A) child abuse.
B) assault.
C) arson.
D) sexual abuse.
E) murder.
Answer: C
Q2) Who undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints as a method of personal identification?
A) Goddard
B) Lattes
C) Gross
D) Galton
E) Locard
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Securing and Searching the Crime Scene
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Q1) Success in the recognition and collection of physical evidence is determined primarily by the:
A) type of evidence involved.
B) size of the budget of the crime lab.
C) time available to the evidence collectors.
D) skill of personnel processing the crime scene.
E) notoriety of the case.
Answer: D
Q2) Which statement about note taking is NOT true?
A) Notes should include location of physical evidence recovered.
B) Note taking is done after all crime scene processing has been completed.
C) The date of the investigation should be recorded.
D) Disposition of items after collection must be included.
E) The individual who packaged and marked items of evidence should be recorded.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Recording the Crime Scene
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Q1) To calculate the overall frequency of occurrence of a blood type in a population, the ___________ can be applied by using a series of blood factors that occur independently of each other.
A) multiplication table
B) tangent method
C) product rule
D) binomial multiple
E) Locard's exchange
Answer: C
Q2) The likelihood of finding class physical evidence is ________ the likelihood of finding physical evidence with individual characteristics.
A) same as
B) greater than
C) less than
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Collection of Crime-Scene Evidence
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Q1) A piece of glass is immersed in a liquid. It proceeds to float on the liquid's surface. This shows that the density of the glass is ___________ the density of the liquid.
A) not comparable
B) equal to
C) less than
D) more than
E) none of the above
Q2) A hot-stage microscope and the GRIM 3 are used to determine the ________ of glass fragments.
A) weight
B) refractive index
C) relative density
D) metallic oxide content
E) temperature
Q3) The change in refractive index upon annealing tempered glass is ________ the change in refractive index upon annealing untempered glass.
A) less than
B) greater than
C) the same as
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Chapter 5: Physical Evidence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of cannabis contains the LEAST amount of THC?
A) leaf
B) flower
C) bud
D) seeds
E) resin
Q2) The use of which drug will NOT lead to physical dependence?
A) cocaine
B) barbiturates
C) alcohol
D) nicotine
E) heroin
Q3) Most often, cocaine is:
A) snorted.
B) swallowed.
C) smoked.
D) injected.
E) none of the above
Q4) Compare and contrast the clinical aspects of psychological and physical drug dependency.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Death Investigation
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Q1) What precautions must be taken to preserve blood samples to be analyzed in the lab for alcohol content?
Q2) A neutral substance will have a pH closest to:
A) 2
B) 7
C) 9
D) 0
E) 5
Q3) Which of the following countries uses the lowest blood alcohol concentration to determine legal impairment?
A) United States
B) Canada
C) France
D) Sweden
E) Japan
Q4) Explain how alcohol is released by the lungs.
Q5) List and describe the most commonly employed field sobriety tests.
Q6) Briefly describe the case of Schmerber v. California and the implied consent laws.
Q7) Briefly describe how a toxicologist finds a drug in human tissue or organs.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Crime-Scene Reconstruction
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Sample Questions
Q1) An objective lens with a numerical aperture of 1.50 can separate details at half the distance of a lens with a numerical aperture of:
A) 3.00
B) 0.075
C) 0.75
D) 0.65
E) 30.00
Q2) Which microscope provides a right-side-up image?
A) microspectrophotometer
B) polarizing
C) comparison
D) compound
E) stereoscopic
Q3) Which microscope is best suited to the study of birefringent minerals and fibers?
A) microspectrophotometer
B) stereoscopic
C) compound
D) polarizing
E) comparison
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Fingerprints
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paternity testing is done involving a woman with type AB blood who has accused a man with type B blood of fathering her child who has tested AB. What can be determined in this case?
A) The male is definitely not the father of the child.
B) The child cannot belong to this mother.
C) The male could have fathered the child.
D) The male definitely IS the father of the child.
E) none of the above
Q2) An individual who is type O has:
A) O antibodies.
B) A antibodies.
C) B antibodies.
D) both A and B antibodies.
E) neither A nor B antibodies.
Q3) Explain the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Q4) The amount of acid phosphatase in seminal fluid is ________ the amount of acid phosphatase in blood.
A) less than
B) the same as C) greater than
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Chapter 9: Firearms, Toolmarks, and Other Impressions
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Q1) The amount of DNA material required for STR analysis is ________ the amount of DNA required for RFLP analysis.
A) greater than
B) the same as C) less than
Q2) Note that suspect B has only one band in his lane. This is most likely an indication that:
A) band shifting occurred.
B) his DNA was contaminated during the collection process.
C) he is homozygous for the gene.
D) he did not provide a complete sample to the laboratory.
E) he is trisomic for the trait.
Q3) How should blood-containing clothes from a victim be packaged?
A) in breathable paper after blood has dried
B) in an airtight clear plastic container
C) in an airtight metal container
D) in breathable paper while blood is still wet
E) in a metal paint can
Q4) Define and explain the forensics value of CODIS.
Q5) Diagram the complementary strand for the following DNA segment ATAGCCGTA.
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Chapter 10: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
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Q1) The velocity classification of an impact spatter pattern:
A) cannot illuminate the specific events that produced pattern.
B) can determine the kind of action that produced the pattern.
C) can only be determined by a trained bloodstain pattern analyst.
D) is never used for descriptive purposes.
E) all of the above
Q2) A trail pattern leading away from the victim at a stabbing scene was most likely created by:
A) the swinging of the murder weapon between strikes.
B) a victim's arterial wound.
C) blood expelled from a respiratory injury.
D) blood dripping from the murder weapon.
E) postmortem movement of the victim.
Q3) The approximate drying time of a pool of blood can be used to estimate timing of events at a crime scene and is dependent upon:
A) the environmental condition of the scene
B) the blood type of the blood
C) the clotting ability of the blood
D) the position of the victim
E) the method of deposition
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Chapter 11: Drugs
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Q1) Which was the first man-made fiber?
A) acetate
B) Dacrongraphic
C) rayon
D) nylon
E) polyester
Q2) The number of hair scales pointing towards the tip of the hair is ________ the number of hair scales pointing towards the hair follicle.
A) greater than
B) the same as
C) less than
Q3) Which type of crime is LEAST likely to be solved with the use of fiber evidence?
A) breaking and entering
B) hit-and-run
C) kidnapping
D) sexual assault
E) bombing
Q4) Explain how a forensic scientist can differentiate between animal and human hair.
Q5) Explain the difference between natural and manufactured fibers.
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Chapter 12: Forensic Toxicology
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Sample Questions
Q1) After examining small paint chips from an auto accident scene and using the PDQ database, the crime lab worker can determine the ________ of the vehicle.
A) year
B) model
C) make
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) Atoms having the same atomic number but different atomic masses are called: A) isobars.
B) isotopes.
C) isotherms.
D) isometrics.
E) isomers.
Q3) Define the following: Proton, Neutron and electron.
Q4) Explain the difference between the atomic number and the atomic mass number.
Q5) Describe the proper collection and preservation techniques for paint evidence.
Q6) List and explain the important forensic properties of soil.
Q7) Briefly describe what an isotope is.
Q8) Explain how elements can be made into radioactive isotopes.
Q9) Explain the difference between continuous and line emission spectra. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Trace Evidence I: Hairs and Fibers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which substance has the highest ignition temperature?
A) kerosene
B) benzene
C) fuel oil
D) turpentine
E) octane
Q2) Factors that can contribute to abnormal observations at a fire scene include:
A) stairways or elevator shafts.
B) winds or drafts.
C) secondary fires due to collapsing floors or roof.
D) holes in the structure.
E) all of the above
Q3) The transfer of heat energy by the movement of molecules within a liquid or gas is:
A) oxidation.
B) conduction.
C) pyrolysis.
D) radiation.
E) convection.
Q4) List and explain the telltale signs that a fire has been accelerant initiated.
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Chapter 14: Trace Evidence Ii: Paint, Glass, and Soil
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Q1) What is NOT true about x-ray diffraction?
A) It can be applied to all types of materials.
B) It can be used in tandem with other inorganic analysis techniques.
C) It provides information as to how elements are combined in compounds.
D) It provides unique "fingerprints" for each compound analyzed.
E) all of the above
Q2) A chemical used to synthesize the explosive TATP is:
A) aluminum.
B) magnesium.
C) potassium chlorate.
D) hydrogen peroxide.
E) none of the above
Q3) An initiating explosive often used in detonators is:
A) PETN.
B) nitrocellulose.
C) lead azide.
D) dynamite.
E) TNT.
Q4) Briefly explain the classification of explosives.
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Chapter 15: Biological Stain Analysis: DNA
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which substance is a substitute for Ninhydrin?
A) UV-VIS
B) RAM
C) RAY
D) MRM 10
E) DFO
Q2) The first systematic system of individual classification and identification was introduced by
A) Alphonse Bertillon.
B) Richard Henry.
C) William Herschel.
D) Francis Galton.
E) None of the above
Q3) The value of ridge patterns in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint is ________ the value of type and position of ridge characteristics in determining the uniqueness of a fingerprint.
A) less than
B) the same as
C) greater than
Q4) List and diagram the most common ridge characteristics found in a fingerprint.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tools and tool marks are often found at burglary scenes and can be useful evidence. Proper evidence collection by the field investigator would include:
A) making test marks with the suspected tool onto a soft metal surface at the crime scene.
B) taking a photograph and cast of the marks, if necessary.
C) reporting whether a tool found at the scene fit into the tool marks.
D) immediately dusting the tool for fingerprints.
E) packing of tool and tool mark evidence together so that the crime lab personnel knows they are thought to be a matched set.
Q2) Explain the concept of the NIBIN database.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A) The diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm is its gauge.
B) Carbonaceous smoke or soot deposited around a bullet hole is normally indicative of a discharge 12 to 18 feet or less from the target.
C) The comparison microscope is an indispensable tool of the firearm examiner.
D) A bullet can be individualized to a weapon by the number and twist of its lands and grooves.
E) All of the above statements are true.
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Chapter 17: Document Examination
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Q1) The ease with which one can find individual variations in a typewritten document is ________ the ease of finding such defects in documents produced by business and personal computers. A) less than B) the same as C) greater than
Q2) What guidelines should an investigator use when collecting known writing samples for comparison to a questioned document?
Q3) The ease with which a child's handwriting can be individualized is ________ the ease with which one can individualize an adult's handwriting. A) less than B) greater than C) the same as
Q4) List and describe some of the class and individual characteristics of printers and photocopiers.
Q5) What is a questioned document?
Q6) What are the common individual characteristics that are associated with handwriting?
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Chapter 18: Computer Forensics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term bit is short for:
A) binary digit.
B) database.
C) tidbit.
D) byte.
E) beneath image threshold.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT associated with the partitioning of a HDD?
A) cylinder
B) sector
C) track
D) quadrant
E) cluster
Q3) If a file system defines a cluster as six sectors, how many bytes of information can be stored on each cluster?
A) 512
B) 3,072
C) 24,576
D) none of the above
Q4) Describe the difference between read-only memory and random-access memory.
Q5) What is the difference between and location of visible and latent data?
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