Criminal Justice Ethics
Test Bank
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice Ethics explores the moral and ethical foundations underlying the criminal justice system, focusing on the roles and responsibilities of professionals in law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. The course examines key ethical theories, principles of justice, and frameworks for ethical decision-making in real-world scenarios. Students will analyze dilemmas commonly faced by practitioners, including issues of discretion, use of force, racial bias, and corruption, while considering the impact of personal values and societal norms. Through case studies and discussion, students are challenged to critically assess policy and practice, fostering a deeper understanding of integrity and professionalism in the pursuit of justice.
Recommended Textbook
Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional 12th Edition by John N. Ferdico
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15 Chapters
900 Verified Questions
900 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Individual Rights Under the United States
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the _____________________ doctrine, double jeopardy does not arise when federal and state courts both have jurisdiction to prosecute.
Answer: dual sovereignty
Q2) The right to freedom of speech is considered a fundamental right. In cases involving a fundamental right, the _____ standard of review is used to resolve the case.
A) legitimate regulation
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) strict scrutiny
D) rational basis
Answer: C
Q3) Substantive criminal law establishes legal prescriptions and proscriptions, whereas procedural criminal law sets forth the mechanisms through which substantive criminal laws are implemented.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Criminal Courts, Pretrial Processes, and the
Exclusionary Rule
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A plea of nolo contendere is an admission of guilt, but cannot be used against the defendant in a civil action.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The location of the court is referred to as the ______________.
Answer: venue
Q3) Police interrogate a suspect who tells police where a stash of illegal drugs is hidden which are then seized by the police. The drugs are best classified as _____.
A) primary evidence
B) derivative evidence
C) circumstantial evidence
D) fruit of the poisonous tree
Answer: B
Q4) Information not contained in the body of the complaint, or that comes from witnesses other than the complainant, may be brought to the court's attention in the form of a(n) ______________.
Answer: affidavit
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Basic Underlying Concepts: Property, Privacy,
Probable Cause, and Reasonableness
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the Aguilar-Spinelli criteria, in order to establish probable cause in a situation where informant information is secondhand, the affidavit must _____.
A) show how the third person knows the information furnished to the informant
B) show how the third person knows the information furnished to the informant and why the information from the informant is credible or reliable
C) show how the third person knows the information furnished to the informant and why the information, from both the informant and the 3rd party, is credible or reliable
D) show how the third person knows the information furnished to the informant; why the information, from both the informant and the 3rd party, is credible or reliable; and that the information could not be obtained using any other method
Answer: C
Q2) Katz v. U.S. (1967) held that a person's Fourth Amendment rights are implicated wherever the person has an expectation of __________which society is prepared to recognize as reasonable.
Answer: privacy
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Criminal Investigatory Search Warrants
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which description lacks sufficient particularity to satisfy the Fourth Amendment?
A) Various obscene books, magazines and video tapes
B) Various instruments and tools used in perpetrating burglary, which were instrumentalities of such crime
C) All marijuana located on the premises lities of such crime
D) Homemade pipe bomb
Q2) What were all-purpose warrants referred to in early colonial America?
A) Criminal warrants
B) Star chamber warrants
C) Writs of assistance
D) Writs of mandamus
Q3) To qualify to issue a warrant, the judicial officer must be _____.
A) biased and attached
B) biased and detached
C) neutral and semi-detached
D) neutral and detached
Q4) What is the purpose and nature of Rule 41?
Q5) Provide examples that would illustrate a minimum of three different constitutional limits on the seizure of items found in a search.
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Chapter 5: Searches for Electronically Stored Information
and Electronic Surveillance
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Department of Justice cautions that limitations on search methodologies have the potential to seriously impair the government's ability to uncover electronic evidence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A _____ wiretap allows for interception of a particular suspect's communications wherever they are made, dispensing with the normal requirement that interceptions be limited to a fixed location.
A) geographical
B) roving
C) non-specific
D) roaming
Q3) A(n) ___________ is defined as " a transfer containing the human voice at any point between and including the point of origin and the point of reception."
Q4) The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act does not require a showing of probable cause to believe that a crime has been or is being committed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Administrative and Special Needs Searches
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about the privacy and property rights of students while on school grounds is true?
A) Students have no Fourth Amendment protection.
B) Students have no expectation of privacy while on school property.
C) Students have the full protection of the Fourth Amendment on school grounds.
D) Searches and seizures must be based on reasonable grounds.
Q2) Police and fire officials are investigating a fire. Assume that a reasonable expectation of privacy remains in the premise and that no exception to the warrant requirement applies. Officials want to search the premises after the fire has been fully extinguished. The only purpose of the search is to determine the cause and origin of a recent fire. Which statement is true?
A) Officials need an administrative search warrant.
B) Officials need a criminal search warrant.
C) Officials need neither an administrative nor a criminal search warrant.
D) Officials need both an administrative and a criminal search warrant.
Q3) Relate the Court's decision in the Ferguson v. Charleston (2001) case. What was the essential problem with the hospital's policy?
Q4) Federal law and the law of all fifty states provide for the collection of __________ samples from criminal offenders.
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Chapter 7: Arrests, Searches Incident to Arrest, and Protective Sweeps
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What basic element distinguishes formal arrest from seizure tantamount to arrest?
A) Officer's intent
B) Suspect's belief
C) Miranda
D) Custody
Q2) Which statement most accurately describes the authority afforded a county sheriff's deputy in hot pursuit outside his county?
A) the same authority to arrest as an ordinary citizen.
B) the same authority to arrest as within his county if he is on duty.
C) the same authority to arrest as within his county even if he is off duty.
D) the same authority to arrest as a bondsman.
Q3) A formal arrest occurs when a person is _____.
A) detained, however briefly, for any reason
B) taken into custody to answer for a criminal charge
C) stopped and frisked
D) booked
Q4) What is meant by the term exigent circumstance? Provide an example.
Q5) Briefly explain what is meant by the term warrantless arrest authority?
Q6) Compare and contrast a fresh pursuit and a hot pursuit. Give examples.
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Chapter 8: Stops and Frisks
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define what is meant by a furtive gesture and give two examples.
Q2) A police officer may detain property for a short period of time if he has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the property contains items subject to seizure. The property may not be searched without a search warrant, but the officer may subject the property to a properly conducted ______________.
Q3) The initial stages of a frisk must be limited to _____.
A) the existence of probable cause.
B) a pat-down of the outer clothing.
C) a search of pockets or other 'holding' devices.
D) nothing except for a strip search.
Q4) A law enforcement officer may detain property for a brief time if the officer has a ______________ that the property contains items subject to seizure.
Q5) A suspect brakes abruptly and pulls into a private driveway while extinguishing his headlights before getting to a sobriety road check in order to avoid being questioned by the police. These acts would best be described as ______________ gestures.
Q6) Define and give an example of a pretextual stop.
Q7) Briefly describe the history and purpose of the origination of the Geneva Conventions.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Consent Searches
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What test do courts use to determine voluntariness?
A) prima facie
B) Gates
C) totality of circumstances
D) good faith
Q2) What is the main advantage of a consent search for law enforcement personnel?
A) it is more convenient than the warrant procedure.
B) it is not as much probable cause than is required in other searches.
C) it is easier to prove validity of consent than it is to prove other procedures.
D) consent can be obtained from persons other than the suspect.
Q3) Evasive or uncooperative conduct on the part of the person in custody is considered to indicate that the consent is not voluntary.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Courts use the __________ test to determine voluntariness.
Q5) If a motorist is too intoxicated to drive, they are automatically too intoxicated to give valid consent.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Plain View Doctrine and Special Needs
Searches
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A police officer intent on writing parking tickets is walking along a city street when he notices the smell of burning marijuana. He traces the smell to a curtained, street level, basement window which is partially open. The officer gets down on his knees and looks where he can see over the top of the window and he sees evidence of illicit drug activity. The officer's actions _____.
A) are lawful because he saw only what any curious passerby could see
B) are unlawful within the plain view doctrine because he invaded privacy
C) are unlawful within the plain view doctrine because he used extraordinary means
D) are lawful because no seizure immediately occurred
Q2) During a search, an officer observes, in plain view, an item not covered in the warrant. The officer believes the item to be evidence in a separate crime other than the offense currently being investigated by police. In order to seize the item, the officer must have _____ to believe the item is contraband or evidence of a crime.
A) reasonable suspicion
B) absolute certainty
C) clear and convincing evidence
D) probable cause
Q3) Describe the plain touch or plain feel doctrine.
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Chapter 11: Search and Seizure of Vehicles and Containers
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the automobile exception to be met regarding a search, two criteria must be met. First, the officer must believe that the automobile must contain illegal contraband, and secondly, the vehicle must be readily__________ such that it can be moved to
Q2) Which individual would have standing to challenge a particular search by police that was conducted based on the automobile exception?
A) an unauthorized, unlicensed driver of a vehicle
B) a person not authorized to drive the car under the rental agreement or by the renter of the vehicle
C) a person authorized to drive a rental car under a rental contract that has expired
D) a passenger in the vehicle that is not the renter or owner
Q3) If an officer has probable cause to believe that contraband is contained within a briefcase that is in the passenger compartment of an automobile, what is the officer legally entitled to search?
A) only the briefcase
B) the entire vehicle
C) the entire vehicle and any containers therein
D) the entire passenger compartment
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13
Chapter 12: Open Fields and Abandoned Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a law enforcement officer, acting lawfully, seizes objects that have been voluntarily discarded on the street, in a public park, or in some other location not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the seizure is legal under the plain view doctrine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is curtilage?
A) the area around a dwelling but not the dwelling
B) the open fields
C) the open fields and the area around them
D) the dwelling and the area close around it
Q3) Curtilage is usually defined by property boundary lines.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly describe the landmark case of Hester v. United States, 1924, concerning the concepts of open fields and abandoned property.
Q5) __________ is the foundational U.S. Supreme Court case addressing abandoned property.
Q6) The term __________ may include any unoccupied or undeveloped area outside of the curtilage.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Interrogations, Admissions, and Confessions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ is a(n) exception to Miranda's usual warning requirements, where the need for answers to questions in situations posing a threat to society outweighs the need to protect the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination.
Q2) Police detectives begin to interrogate a criminal suspect without having read the Miranda warnings. During this initial questioning, the suspect makes an incriminating statement. The detectives, after hearing the incriminating statement, make the suspect aware of his Miranda rights. Questioning continues and the suspect repeats the incriminating information. How are the courts most likely to view the statement?
A) The incriminating statement is inadmissible.
B) The incriminating statement is admissible, but any derivative evidence that can be gathered from the information in the statement is inadmissible.
C) The incriminating statement is inadmissible, but any derivative evidence that can be gathered from the information in the statement is admissible.
D) The incriminating statement is admissible, as is any derivative evidence that can be gathered from the information in the statement.
Q3) Define these terms: statement, admission, interrogation, and confession.
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Chapter 14: Pretrial Visual Identification Procedures
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why the presence of counsel is required at a pretrial confrontation with witnesses conducted after the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings.
Q2) The term confrontation does not include presentation of photos of suspects to victims.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Before, during, and after an identification procedure, police and prosecutors should avoid giving witnesses any feedback on whether they feel they have made a "good" or "correct" identification.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the Wade-Gilbert cases, the Court extended the Sixth Amendment right to counsel to all pretrial identification procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the first stage of the memory acquisition, or encoding, process.
Q6) Describe the differences between a lineup and a showup.
Q7) Briefly explain what is meant by cross-racial identification bias.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Criminal Trials, Appeals, and Postconviction
Remedies
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was the primary reason the U.S. Congress passed the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984?
A) to prevent states from implementing indeterminate sentencing
B) to address concerns over disparate sentencing
C) to enact the federal three-strikes law
D) to implement mandatory sentencing for the crime of treason
Q2) In some situations, the defense counsel could elect to wait until the prosecutor has presented the government's evidence before giving an opening statement, thereby concealing the defense strategy until the government has disclosed its case.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The prosecutor's failure to disclose evidence which would show the defendant to be not guilty is a violation of the __________.
Q4) Explain the difference between determinate and indeterminate sentencing.
Q5) Write a brief paragraph describing what takes place during voir dire.
Q6) Explain how the right to a speedy trial depends on whether a formal accusation has been made.
Q8) Identify and describe three different rules of evidence. Page 17
Q7) Explain the differences between a subpoena and a summons.
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