Criminal Justice Ethics
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Criminal Justice Ethics explores the fundamental moral and ethical principles guiding professionals in the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The course examines key dilemmas related to justice, discretion, use of force, due process, and professional conduct. Students analyze case studies, apply ethical theories, and consider the impact of personal values and societal standards on decision-making within criminal justice roles. Emphasis is placed on promoting accountability, integrity, and ethical leadership to foster public trust and uphold the rule of law.
Recommended Textbook
Criminal Justice Today An Introductory Text for the 21st Century 13th Edition by Frank Schmalleger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice?
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Q1) Due Process is a guaranteed right found only in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which Amendment to the U.S.Constitution is concerned with the defendant's right to a trial by jury?
A)Fourth
B)Fifth
C)Sixth
D)Eighth Answer: C
Q3) What are the three major components of the Criminal Justice System?
A)Police,Courts,Corrections
B)Police,Legislature,Corrections
C)Police,Courts,Legislature
D)Police,Legislature,Community
Answer: A
Q4) Not guilty,guilty,and no contest are all acceptable pleas at the______________. Answer: Arraignment
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Chapter 2: The Crime Picture
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Q1) In 2012,according to the UCR/NIBRS Program,larceny-theft is the most frequently reported major crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A criminal offense committed against a person,property,or society that is motivated,in whole or in part,by the offender's bias against a race,religion,disability,sexual orientation,or ethnicity/national origin is known as a(n)________________ crime.
Answer: Hate
Q3) The ______________ program is a statistical reporting program run by the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS)division.
Answer: UCR
Q4) About forty-seven percent of hate crimes are motivated by ________ bias.
A)Racial
B)Gender
C)Age
D)Religious
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Search for Causes
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Q1) Subculture of violence is a belief that an area's physical features may be modified and structured so as to reduce crime rates in that area and to lower the fear of victimization that residents experience.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward,punishment,and association with other stimuli is:
A)Social norms.
B)Behavioral conditioning.
C)Personality.
D)Psychoanalysis.
Answer: B
Q3) Sigmund Freud is most closely related to which type of psychological theory:
A)Psychoanalysis.
B)The Psychological School.
C)Personality.
D)Behavioral conditioning.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Criminal Law
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Q1) Penal code is the written or codified law;the "law on the books," as enacted by a government body or agency having the power to make laws.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following types of law occurs when public order is compromised for wrongs against society as a whole?
A)Tort law
B)Administrative law
C)Civil law
D)Criminal law
Q3) The U.S.Constitution prohibits the enactment of ________________ laws which makes acts committed before the laws in question were passed punishable as crimes.
A)Stare decisis
B)Corpus delicti
C)Ex post facto
D)Mens Rea
Q4) Compare and contrast the difference between felonies,misdemeanors,and infractions.
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Chapter 5: Policing: History and Structure
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Q1) ______________ are elected law enforcement officials whose agencies are responsible for law enforcement throughout the counties in which they function.
Q2) What are the three major legislative levels of law enforcement?
A)State,city,county
B)Federal,county,campus
C)County,city,federal
D)State,federal,local
Q3) A law,written in 1285,that created a watch and ward system in English cities and towns and that codified early police practices is known as the Statute of
Q4) ___________________ street runners were an early English police unit formed under the leadership of Henry Fielding.
Q5) The Kansas City studies had an impact on several traditional views about police patrol work.Comment on and explain the study and specifically the affect they had on preventative patrol and traditional response to calls for service.
Q6) The local police and city- or town-based law enforcement agencies are known as ________ police departments.
Q7) List and define the three levels of law enforcement.Give examples of each level.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose and Organization
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Q1) Define and analyze the role of women in police work past and present.What is the role of women in police work today? How do they feel about themselves and how are they received by their male counterparts? Where do they stand in relation to other minority officers? Feel free to discuss the pros and cons of women in police work.How would you resolve some of the issues facing women today? Use examples to support your responses.
Q2) CompStat is a crime-analysis and police management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the Los Angeles Police Department in the mid-1990s.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pieces of information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrator's identity is called:
A)Problem solving.
B)Crime scene investigation.
C)Solvability factor.
D)Detective work.
Q4) A crime-analysis and police management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s is known as
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Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects
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Q1) A Writ of_________________ is issued from an appellate court for the purpose of obtaining from a lower court the record of its proceedings in a particular case.In some states,this writ is the mechanism for discretionary review.
Q2) The plain-view doctrine still applies if officers move objects so they can see evidence otherwise hidden from view.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A ______________case is a precedent-setting court decision that produces substantial changes in both the understanding of the requirements of due process and the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system.
Q4) Explain and define a search.Under what circumstances may police officers search vehicles? What limits,if any,are there on such searches? What determines such limits?
Q5) The _________________safety exception to the Miranda ruling allows police officers to interrogate suspects when a possible danger to the public still exists.We saw this with the Boston terrorist bombing suspect.
Q6) Chimel v.California regulated when police may _____________ incident to an arrest.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and Challenges
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Q1) The Typical use of force by a police officer is defined as the application of an amount and/or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Law enforcement supervisors can be held liable for the actions of the officers under their command.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Investigating crime in multicultural settings can be very difficult both for the victims and for the police.The National Crime Prevention Council,(NCPC),published a guide for American Law Enforcement officers who work with multicultural groups,especially when language problems exist.Comment on and analyze three recommendations made by the NCPC to help communicate more efficiently.Explain your opinions using data and other pertinent materials.
Q4) Anthrax,smallpox,and any other infectious diseases when used illegally to cause death and injury to people are considered ______________ weapons.
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Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure and Participants
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Q1) The role of the defense counsel includes all of the following except:
A)Quasi-legal advisor to the police.
B)Testing the strength of the prosecution's case.
C)Appealing a conviction.
D)Representing the accused.
Q2) The three parts of the Federal Court System consists of:
A)U.S District courts,U.S.Appeals Courts,and U.S.State Courts.
B)U.S.Appeals Courts,U.S.State Courts,and U.S.Supreme Court.
C)U.S.District Courts,U.S.Supreme Courts,and State Appeals Courts.
D)U.S.District Courts,U.S.Appeals Courts,and U.S.Supreme Court.
Q3) Trial de novo literally means a ________ trial.
Q4) Gideon v.Wainwright was a landmark case in 1963 that changed the laws regarding police searches of persons and homes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and define three members of the nonprofessional courtroom participants and their roles in the day to day process in the court room.
Q6) List and define the three-tiered structure of the federal court system.
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Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial
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Q1) The release by executive decision of a prisoner from a federal or state correctional facility who has not served his or her full sentence and whose freedom is contingent on obeying specified rules of behavior is called a:
A)Third-party custody release.
B)Property bond release.
C)Conditional release.
D)Release on recognizance.
Q2) Weapons,tire tracks,and fingerprints are examples of which type of evidence?
A)Direct evidence
B)Real evidence
C)Testimonial evidence
D)Circumstantial evidence
Q3) The formal notice of charges is made at what stage of the court process?
A)Arraignment
B)Preliminary hearing
C)Grand jury hearing
D)First appearance
Q4) An oral summation of a case presented to a judge,or to a judge and jury,by the prosecution or by the defense in a criminal trial is known as the ___________ argument.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sentencing
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Q1) The act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator is known as ______________ in criminal sentencing.
Q2) Which is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposing of the sentence for a person convicted of a crime?
A)Mandatory sentencing
B)Indeterminate sentencing
C)Cruel and unusual punishment
D)Judicial discretion
Q3) Which amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment?
A)Fourth
B)Fifth
C)Sixth
D)Eighth
Q4) Which one of the following is NOT a rationale in opposing the death penalty?
A)The death penalty is too expensive to justify its use.
B)The death penalty is not an effective deterrent.
C)The death penalty causes too many appeals and clogs the court system.
D)The death penalty is arbitrary.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions
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Q1) _______________ corrections is the use of a variety of officially ordered program-based sanctions that permit convicted offenders to remain in the community under conditional supervision as an alternative to an active prison sentence.
Q2) In 2003,the U.S.Department of Justice,in conjunction with other federal agencies,initiated funding for 89 reentry sites across the country under the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI).Define and comment on the three phases of the SVORI initiative and the target populations they are geared towards.
Q3) Describe three significant court cases that have had an impact on the practice of probation and parole since the 1970s.
Q4) The use of a variety of officially ordered program-based sanctions that permit convicted offenders to remain in the community under conditional supervision as an alternative to an active prison sentence is known as community corrections. A)True B)False
Q5) Define intermediate sanctions.Explain three distinct advantages that are found with intermediate sanctions.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
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Q1) The Pennsylvania system was a form of imprisonment developed by the British around 1790 as an alternative to corporal punishment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The just deserts philosophy has led to substantial and continued increases in the American prison population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which early prison system was heralded as the one that was humane and provided inmates with the opportunity for rehabilitation?
A)The Massachusetts system
B)The Pennsylvania system
C)The Irish system
D)The Elmira system
Q4) ADMAX (Administrative maximum)is a term used by the federal government to denote ultra-high-security prisons.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ________ is the movement towards the wider use of private prisons.
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Chapter 14: Prison Life
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Q1) The _____________ test is a principle developed by the courts and applied to the corrections arena by Pell v.Procunier (1974),which attempts to weigh the rights of an individual,as guaranteed by the Constitution,against the authority of states to make laws or to otherwise restrict a person's freedom in order to protect the state's interests and its citizens.
Q2) Prison ________ is the values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates.
Q3) According to a 2013 study women accounted for less than 5% of all inmates in state and federal prisons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In 2013,Anthony Marshall,the son of socialite Brooke Astor,was sent to a New York prison for stealing the family fortune.What was special about Marshall?
A)He was the oldest non-violent criminal sent to prison in New York.
B)He was the oldest violent criminal sent to prison in New York.
C)He was the oldest non-violent criminal to be released back into society in New York.
D)He was the oldest violent criminal to be released back into society in New York.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice
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Q1) Which landmark U.S.Supreme court case guaranteed juvenile the following rights: Notice of charges,right to counsel,right to confront and to cross examine witnesses,and protection against self-incrimination?
A)McKeiver v.Pennsylvania
B)Kent v.U.S.
C)In re Winship
D)In re Gault
Q2) The fact-finding process by which the juvenile court determines whether or not there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition is known as:
A)Intake.
B)An adjudicatory hearing.
C)Juvenile petition.
D)Juvenile disposition.
Q3) The aggregate of the government agencies that function to investigate,supervise,adjudicate,care for,or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court is known as the _________________ justice system.
Q4) Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between juvenile and adult court proceedings.
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Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 forms the basis of federal enforcement against illegal use of drugs.Define and describe the Act and list its major contribution that organized drugs into specific categories.
Q2) Psychological dependence is a biologically based craving for a specific drug that results from frequent use of the substance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most experts agree that if drug-prevention programs are to be successful,they must include a wide array of programs,including components for individuals and families.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Is there such a person as a recreational drug user? How is a recreational drug user defined? What are considered to be recreational drugs? Be thorough in your answer and support your conclusions with facts.
Q5) Drug _______________ is the popular name for the head of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP),a federal position that was created during the Reagan presidency to organize federal drug-fighting efforts.
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Chapter 17: Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice
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Q1) Federal law requires that any organization considered for Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO)designation must meet three criteria.Define and explain the three criteria.Who or what determines that an organization is an FTO? Analyze and explain their rationale for the decision they make.
Q2) Illegal immigration in which an agent is paid to help a person cross a border clandestinely is known as:
A)Trafficking in persons.
B)Sex trafficking.
C)Human smuggling.
D)Domestic terrorism.
Q3) "Jihad Jane" was not guilty in U.S.federal court in aiding Islamic terrorists in their plot to kill a Swedish cartoonist.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A(n)___________ crime is a minor violation of Islamic law that is regarded as an offense against society,not God.
Q5) The Department of ________________ Security is charged with protecting the nation's critical infrastructure against terrorist attack.
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Chapter 18: The Future of Criminal Justice
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Q1) A criminal offense that employs advanced or emerging technology in its commission is called a(n)___________________.
Q2) The 2012,Department of Homeland Security report to Congress was very concerned with weapons of mass destruction and other contraband entering the United States through:
A)Airport cargo.
B)Illegal border crossings.
C)Clandestine trucking operations.
D)Seaport shipping containers.
Q3) Forensic entomology is the study of insects to determine such matters as a person's time of death.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a form of high-technology fraud that uses official-looking e-mail messages to elicit responses from victims,directing them to phony websites?
A)Phishing
B)Spam
C)Spyware
D)Worm
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