Criminal Courts
Test Bank
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and processes of criminal courts in the United States. Students will examine the roles of various courtroom participants, including judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and defendants. The course explores the stages of criminal proceedings from arrest through final appeal, with emphasis on jurisdiction, pretrial procedures, bail, plea bargaining, trial processes, sentencing, and the rights of the accused. Critical analysis of contemporary issues affecting the criminal court system, such as case overload, wrongful convictions, and reforms, is integrated throughout to give students a deeper understanding of how criminal justice is administered.
Recommended Textbook
The American System of Criminal Justice 16th Edition by George F. Cole
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17 Chapters
2137 Verified Questions
2137 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Crime and Justice in America
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Sample Questions
Q1) James is a vice president of a local banking organization.He and his wife have been in danger of foreclosure on their home after his wife lost her job last year.James recently found out that he can transfer a small percentage of his client's earnings into his own account without drawing the attention of those in power at his organization.He has been able to transfer enough money to break even on their mortgage.He is aware that he is breaking the law but he does not see his crime as being on the same scale as a violent crime.He is also aware that if he is caught,the criminal justice system will go easy on him because he is a first-time client. When James walks into his office one morning,he is met by his supervisor and law enforcement.What type of crime did James commit?
A)Organized crime
B)Political crime
C)Victimless crime
D)Occupational crime
Answer: D
Q2) The ____________________ model asserts that freedom is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that criminal justice decisions are based upon reliable information.
Answer: due process
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain Cesare Lombroso's theory of crimenogenic traits.In what form are his theories still in evidence today?
Answer: Answers will vary,but students should be aware that criminogenic traits are physical characteristics that make an individual more likely to become criminal.Genetic theories of alcoholism and racial profiling might be two examples of the contemporary resonance of Lombroso's theories.
Q2) Victims are generally to blame for the crime that occurred against them.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Fear of crime is the greatest in urban areas.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Criminal Justice System
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The State of Michigan v.Christopher Jones illustrated
A)the importance of selecting open-minded jurors.
B)the difficulties of proving guilt in a rape case.
C)the prosecutor's use of multiple charges to pressure defendants into pleading guilty.
D)that circumstantial evidence cannot be used to convict an offender.
Answer: C
Q2) Imagine you are a state legislator.Racism plays an enormous role in the administration of justice in your state,and elsewhere in the country.What policies might you suggest for reducing racism in your state,and the criminal justice system?
Answer: Answers will vary,but students' answers should reflect an understanding of crime rates and promoting law enforcement without racial bias.
Q3) Criminal justice is a system of parts-police,courts,corrections-that do not affect each other.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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5
Chapter 4: Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States,the distinction between criminal and civil law is minimal.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Shelby was recently found not guilty of strong arm robbery when a jury trial ruled in her favor.Moments after the ruling came down,Shelby looked at the jury and said,"I did it and now I am free.Thank you." The jurors were shocked and wanted to change their verdict but could only stare as Shelby laughed on her way out of the courtroom.Shelby cannot be retried for the same crime in the same jurisdiction because of A)incorporation.
B)fundamental fairness.
C)self-incrimination.
D)double jeopardy.
Q3) How is the distinction between murder and manslaughter determined?
Q4) Laws passed by legislatures and statutory definitions of criminal offenses are found in penal codes and A)written law.
B)statutes.
C)common law.
D)case law.
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Chapter 5: Police
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The political era of policing was characterized by
A)urban riots.
B)the hiring of officers through connections to elected officials.
C)the introduction of the automobile patrol and two-way radios.
D)civil service selection of officers.
Q2) The international criminal police organization is
A)the DEa.
B)the FBI.
C)Interpol.
D)the CIA.
Q3) Define and describe the duties and priorities of the FBI.
Q4) Police operational units typically include patrol,investigation,traffic,vice,and juvenile units.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is not an element of the model of professional policing?
A)The police force should be actively involved in politics.
B)Laws should be enforced equally.
C)The police force should use new technology.
D)Personnel procedures should be based on merit.
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Chapter 6: Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using examples from the text,define and describe the differences between reactive and proactive policing.
Q2) Which two elements of police work define the working personality?
A)Danger and authority
B)Danger and isolation
C)Danger and independence
D)Authority and isolation
Q3) One important component of community policing is
A)reactive policing.
B)fast 911 response time.
C)problem solving.
D)crime control.
Q4) Which type of test is not required of a police officer?
A)Psychological tests
B)Background check
C)Fitness test
D)IQ test
Q5) Police help maintain order by enforcing traffic laws.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges
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123 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are some benefits and drawbacks of the private hiring of police officers?
Q2) What challenges do internal affairs units face in investigating crimes committed by the police?
Q3) The ____________________ model lets officers contract independently with permission.
Q4) The lack of threats in society has forced private security to decrease.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _______ crime is defined by the following activities: mooching,bribery,chiseling,extortion,shopping,shakedown,premeditated theft,favoritism,perjury,and prejudice.
Q6) Which of the following is not a reason for the rise in private policing?
A)Budgetary constraints upon the states
B)Fear of crime
C)Increase in the supply of people wanting to become police officers
D)Increase in crimes in the workplace
Q7) What new technologies are used to monitor the public,crime suspects,and prison inmates?
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Q8) ____________________ are officers who accept payoffs that circumstances of police work bring their way.
Chapter 8: Police and Constitutional Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a governor of a state that wants to introduce red-light cameras.You are aware of budgetary shortfalls and want to control crime.Nevertheless,you are concerned about possible Fourth Amendment violations.Are red-light cameras and license-plate readers a violation of the Fourth Amendment or should they be considered part of the plain view doctrine? Why or why not?
Q2) Individuals' ____________ is a standard developed for determining whether a government intrusion of a person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with individual interests that are normally protected from government intrusion.
Q3) According to Miranda v.Arizona (1966),law enforcement must inform the individual in custody of his or her right to an attorney.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If an individual consents to a search,officers do not need probable cause or any level of suspicion to justify the search.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Criminal defendants' rights are found in the ____________________.
Q6) What is the exclusionary rule and in what situations does it apply?
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Chapter 9: Courts and Pretrial Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why would a local court want to implement a centralized court administration?
A)It would help the court avoid problems with jurisdiction.
B)It would reduce caseloads.
C)It would prevent the political party in power from using court positions as rewards.
D)It would help to eliminate gender and racial bias in hiring.
Q2) Explain why American jails are referred to as the "ultimate ghetto." How can this stereotype be changed?
Q3) The Eighth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution forbids the use of excessive bail. A)True
B)False
Q4) An application to a court requesting that an order be issued to bring about a specified action is called a A)dismissal.
B)rejection at screening.
C)guilty plea.
D)motion.
Q5) The bail system does not discriminate based on income. A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Prosecution and Defense
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a "prosecution complex"?
A)When an offender fears unfair treatment by the prosecutor
B)When a judge sides with the prosecutor in a court decision
C)When a defense attorney comes to believe he or she represents the state
D)When prosecutors view themselves as an instrument of law enforcement
Q2) When a defense attorney makes arguments for a client who the attorney expects will actually accept a plea bargain rather than face the risk of a jury verdict,this is called A)"agent-mediator."
B)the "slow plea of guilty."
C)"beleaguered dealers."
D)"agent guilty."
Q3) An attorney employed on a full-time basis by the government to represent the poor is called a(n)_______.
Q4) Public defenders often have trouble gaining the trust and cooperation of their clients because their clients know that they are paid by the state.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is inadequate counsel? Who determines whether an attorney is competent?
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Chapter 11: Determination of Guilt: Plea Bargaining and Trials
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is not characteristic of a workgroup?
A)Interaction among members
B)Sharing of goals
C)Continued interaction that brings conflict
D)Members developing a set of norms about how they will interact
Q2) Oral evidence provided by a legally competent witness is called ______.
Q3) Which would not be considered part of the courtroom workgroup?
A)Bailiff
B)Judge
C)Attorney
D)Clerk
Q4) What are the steps in plea bargaining?
Q5) The local view of the proper sentence is called the _______.
Q6) In Ricketts v.Adamson,it was decided that defendants must uphold the ________ or risk a harsher sentence.
Q7) Traditionally,jury trials involve _______ -person juries.
Q8) How do budget cuts affect prospective jurors?
Q9) Santobello v.New York determined that ____________ must fulfill their promises in regard to plea bargains. Page 13
Q10) The Sixth Amendment guarantees a _______ and ________ trial.
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Chapter 12: Punishment and Sentencing
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is a sentence that can be served while the offender remains living at home,with few restrictions.
Q2) Since the 1970s,capital punishment has been used exclusively for _______ offenses.
Q3) The saying "an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth" is an example of deterrence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A determinate sentence means that the defendant determines his or her own punishment with the assistance of a counselor.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A report prepared by a probation officer that presents a convicted offender's background and is used by the judge in selecting an appropriate sentence is called a(n)_____.
Q6) Truth in sentencing guidelines are laws that require offenders to serve 85% of their sentences.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Which purposes of punishment is the death penalty designed to serve?
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a lawyer for a prisoners' rights organization writing a brief for the Supreme Court,which is planning to revisit Eighth Amendment protections for prisoners.Discuss the history of the major cases that have come before the Court,the logic behind each of them,and why you think they should be reformed or upheld.
Q2) The federal government provides all funding for American prisons.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Get-tough polices are associated with the ____ model of corrections.
Q4) Unlike probationers,parolees have a limited right to an attorney.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In which case did the Supreme Court rule that police do not need to show reasonable suspicion to search a parolee?
A)Monell v.Department of Social Services for the City of New York (1978)
B)Morrissey v.Brewer (1972)
C)Samson v.California (2006)
D)Cooper v.Pate (1964)
Q6) Mempa v.Rhay (1967)concerned the right to counsel of _________.
Q7) ______ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.
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Chapter 14: Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The historical roots of probation can be traced to the procedures
A)of community supervision in France.
B)for reprieves and pardons in early English courts.
C)for forgiveness in Spanish courts.
D)of shock probation in Russian courts.
Q2) You are a judge who is traveling to Kenya to lecture on intermediate sanctions and how they are applied in the United States.Your hosts are young,politically active Kenyans who are eager to reform their judiciary and want to know what options are used in other countries.Give a detailed explanation of the types of intermediate sanctions that are available in the U.S.and their relative merits.Identify which intermediate sanctions are most effective,in your opinion,and explain your reasoning to your hosts.
Q3) Probation works best when the judge and the supervising officer have close contact.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In certain states,offenders serving community service are sometimes paid for their work.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Incarceration and Prison Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Federal funding for programs that allow inmates to pursue higher education has been cut drastically in the past few years.Critics claim that such programs take money away from noncriminal students who need funding.However,inmate education programs may reduce recidivism.Offer two examples of how this problem might be resolved.
Q2) Which is true concerning inmate leadership?
A)Officials were more successful at using inmate leaders to maintain order in the traditional prison of the big house era.
B)Officials are more successful today in using inmate leaders to maintain order than in the past.
C)Officials have easily manipulated inmate leaders to maintain order,both in the big house era and in contemporary prisons.
D)Officials never seek to gain cooperation from inmate leaders.
Q3) The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA),enacted by Congress in 2004,establishes a zero-tolerance standard for the incidence of rape in prison.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss how correctional staff is organized and how prisons are designed.
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Reentry Into the Community
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Sample Questions
Q1) Miranda has been a parole officer for more than twelve years.When she first started,she saw herself as a caretaker.She worked closely with each of her clients and genuinely believed she could help many of them become functioning members of society.But time has made Miranda jaded.Many of her clients are repeat offenders.Although she still wants to help them,she finds herself using discipline more often and becoming increasingly authoritarian.Miranda's current attitude is more closely aligned with the role of parole officer as A)victim.
B)cop.
C)social worker.
D)boss.
Q2) Grant was recently released from a state prison after serving out his full sentence for drug-related crimes.Like many ex-felons,Grant has promised himself that he will not go back to prison.However,based on nationwide statistics,what is the likelihood that Grant will be back in prison within three years?
A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%
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Page 19
Chapter 17: Juvenile Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standard of proof for juveniles to become classified as delinquents is "beyond a reasonable doubt."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Youth gangs are less of problem today in American cities than they once were.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Federal guidelines dictate that all states must handle juvenile cases in the same way.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If the goal of the juvenile court is to protect juveniles and "act as parent," how might you explain the movement toward punitiveness since the 1980s?
Q5) Based on recent case law,is it appropriate that juveniles cannot receive life sentences without the chance of parole for non-homicide cases? Why or why not?
Q6) The U.S.Supreme Court case of In re Gault (1967)extended _____________rights to juveniles.
Q7) Aftercare is the juvenile equivalent of adult ________.
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