Crime and Social Policy
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Crime and Social Policy examines the ways in which crime is influenced by broader social policies and how societies respond to criminal behavior through legislative, economic, and community-based initiatives. The course explores the relationship between crime rates and factors such as poverty, education, housing, and welfare provision, as well as the effectiveness of various policy interventions aimed at prevention, rehabilitation, and social inclusion. Emphasis is placed on analyzing contemporary policy debates, evaluating the impacts of criminal justice reforms, and considering ethical issues surrounding law enforcement and social inequality. Students will gain a critical understanding of the interplay between social policy decisions and the prevalence and perception of crime in different communities.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the social problems perspective?
A) A government-funded initiative to enhance educational opportunities among low-income individuals
B) A move to broaden police powers by increasing the number of exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule
C) Rewriting state statutes to increase the severity of punishment for violent offenders, such as three-strikes laws
D) Allocating federal funds to help states build and operate more prisons
Answer: A
Q2) The General Theory of Crime suggests that all types of criminal and deviant behavior can be explained by a lack of self-control. This is an example of a(n) ______________ theory.
A) integrated
B) unicausal
C) bicameral
D) complete
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) The Golden Age of __________ was a time when data on crime were gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework
Answer: Research
Q2) Properly selected control groups help criminology researchers eliminate threats to __________.
Answer: internal validity
Q3) Which of the following is not a critical ethical issue for criminal justice researchers?
A) Data confidentiality
B) Protection of human subjects
C) Disclosure of research methods
D) Application of results to social policy
Answer: D
Q4) It is not necessary for a researcher to present research limitations in the final research report.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) List the key principles of classical and neoclassical criminology.
Answer: Classical criminology is based on the key principles of rational choice, deterrence, and free will. This perspective suggests that individuals make rational choices to commit crimes based on the potential for pleasure or gain, and are deterred by the threat of punishment. It also emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and free will in criminal behavior.
Neoclassical criminology builds upon these principles and adds the concept of biological and psychological factors influencing criminal behavior. This perspective also recognizes the role of social and environmental factors in shaping criminal behavior, but still emphasizes the importance of individual choice and responsibility.
In summary, the key principles of classical and neoclassical criminology include rational choice, deterrence, free will, and the influence of biological and psychological factors on criminal behavior. These perspectives have had a significant impact on the development of modern criminological theories and approaches to crime prevention and criminal justice.
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research using twins generally does not show support for the existence of genetic influences on criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sociobiology argues that altruism hinders the continuity of the gene pool and jeopardizes the survival of genetic material.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sociobiology was seen as a threat to the dominance of ________ within criminology.
Q4) Biological theories believe that crime causation can be understood by studying the interplay of all of the following except A) the social environment.
B) biology.
C) heredity.
D) psychology.
Q5) Early biological theories were important because they determined a person's personality stemmed from the ______.
Q6) The _________ hypothesis explained female criminality.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Q1) There may be a gene for criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Men whose brains lack sufficient amounts of __________ may feel frustration more acutely and respond to frustrating circumstances more aggressively.
Q3) The myth of the ___________ holds that the human mind has no innate traits.
A) blank slate
B) noble savage
C) ghost in the machine
D) epigenesis
Q4) The development of antisocial behavior is mediated by an interaction between maltreatment and the gene responsible for the production of the enzyme ________.
Q5) Childhood maltreatment appears to be a universal risk factor for antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The relationship between _________ and assault is strongest at night.
Q7) ----------- are bundles of genes.
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Q8) __________ is the study of the chemical reactions occurring within a genome.
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Psychoanalysts such as August Aichorn argue that violent criminals are id-dominated
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the A) morality and conscience.
B) unconscious mind.
C) reality principle.
D) pleasure principle.
Q3) The ___________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.
Q4) When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.
A) alternative
B) autoplastic
C) antiplastic
D) alloplastic
Page 8
Q5) A(n) _________ of aversive treatment is one form of reward from aggression.
Q6) Many criminals have a secret need to be __________.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) A wealthy and socially privileged individual may still experience relative deprivation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Matza described drift as hard determinism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One criticism of __________ theories is that they are tautological.
Q4) Broken windows theory encourages police to focus on combatting serious crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) There are a large number of female-dominated gangs today.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation?
A) Feelings of social isolation
B) Participation in social movements
C) Attempts to change the social system
D) None of the above
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Q1) According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the _________ pathway to delinquency.
A) authority conflict
B) multiple disruption
C) covert
D) overt
Q2) The meaningful roles and activities provided for individuals by society are important __________ containments.
Q3) __________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.
A) Social learning
B) Labeling
C) Social control
D) Social structure
Q4) Social process theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) The prototype convict criminologist is
A) John Irwin.
B) Richard Quinney.
C) John Braithwaite.
D) Harold Pepinsky.
Q2) __________criminology consists of a proactive call for change in the social conditions leading to crime, whereas __________ criminology is a way of critiquing social relationships leading to crime.
A) Critical; radical
B) Radical; critical
C) Radical; pluralistic
D) Critical; pluralistic
Q3) ________criminology emphasizes practical applications of the principles of conflict resolution.
Q4) Adversarial court proceedings are based on the principle of dispute resolution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _______ states that radical ideas must be translated into realistic social policies.
Q6) According to the __________ perspective, the law serves all people equally.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Q1) The main goal of __________ is to permanently change the way victims of crime are treated.
Q2) The U.S. Constitution includes a victims' rights amendment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The child of a victim of homicide is a(n) _________ victim.
Q4) Stigmatized neighborhoods increase the risk of victimization but not criminality. A)True
B)False
Q5) The accountability element of restorative justice emphasizes A) that the community can participate in ensuring its own safety.
B) the responsibility of the justice system to protect the public from crime and offenders. C) the obligations incurred by the offender to the victim and the community.
D) the need to ensure offenders are more capable of successful participation in society when they leave the justice system than when they entered it
Q6) ___________ involves social injuries that occur as a result of how social institutions and individuals react to a victim of crime.
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Page 13
Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Premeditated murder is
A) first degree murder.
B) second degree murder.
C) third degree murder.
D) negligent homicide.
Q2) The term __________ assault has been adopted to avoid the bias inherent in terms such as woman battering and wife assault.
Q3) What is child sexual abuse and what are the main types of abusers?
Q4) Health care workers are at particular risk of which type of workplace violence?
A) Violent acts by criminals otherwise unconnected to the workplace
B) Violence directed at employees by customers or clients
C) Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee
D) Violence committed by someone who is not connected to the workplace but who has a personal relationship with an employee
Q5) Feminist perspectives see the sexual aspect of rape as dominating over the power dynamics.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most commonly stolen motor vehicle is a car.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The goal of a(n) __________ burglar may be only to look around, not to actually take anything.
Q3) Offense specialization is common among property offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The final phase of a property offender's criminal career is known as the __________ period.
Q5) Children between the ages of 8 and 12 mainly start fires
A) accidentally.
B) due to underlying psychosocial conflicts.
C) for revenge.
D) for money.
Q6) Explore the concept of burglary within a sexual context. Compare this type of burglary with traditional burglary.
Q7) The FBI classifies fires that are of suspicious or unknown origin as arson.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) ________has been called the biggest white-collar crime in history.
A) The collapse of the Enron Corporation
B) The bankruptcy of WorldCom, Inc.
C) Teapot Dome
D) The 1980s savings and loan disaster
Q2) According to Hirschi and Gottfredson, selection processes inherent to the high end of the occupational structure tend to recruit people with relatively low propensity to crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as __________ organized crime.
A) international
B) transnational
C) intercontinental
D) overseas
Q4) Asset forfeiture under RICO allows federal officials to seize the proceeds of those involved in _________.
Q5) Identify the five types of activities that may qualify as organized crime
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Q1) Among the various types of prostitutes, the __________ commands the lowest prices and runs the highest risk of arrest.
A) call girl
B) streetwalker
C) brothel prostitute
D) bar prostitute
Q2) What percentage of DEA cases have a Taliban component?
A) Less than 10 percent
B) Approximately 15 percent
C) Approximately 30 percent
D) Over 50 percent
Q3) During the late nineteenth century, which of the following people would have been most likely to be abusing drugs (other than opium)?
A) An upper-class merchant
B) A servant
C) An artist
D) A factory worker
Q4) Volatile solvents fall into the drug category of _________.
Q5) __________involves escort services that advertise via the Internet.
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Illegally obtaining computerized information through the path of direct access is usually taken by
A) malware creators.
B) business competitors.
C) office workers.
D) hackers.
Q2) Describe the characteristics of hackers and explain the categories of the basic typology that is based on psychological characteristics.
Q3) The path of direct access to computer information is generally used by office workers violating positions of trust.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which is not one of the factors that may be used to determine whether a form of scientific evidence is reliable?
A) It has no known or potential rates of error
B) It has been subjected to peer review
C) It has been subjected to testing
D) It has standards controlling application of the techniques involved
Q5) ____________used special dial-up access codes to avoid long-distance charges.
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) ____________involves illegal immigration in which an agent receives payment to help someone cross a border clandestinely.
A) Transnational organized crime
B) Trafficking in persons
C) Human smuggling
D) Globalization
Q2) Which of the following is not a reason why it is difficult to compare the crime rates of different nations?
A) Diverse crime-reporting practices
B) Political influences on the reporting of crime statistics to other agencies
C) Differences in definitions of a given crime
D) Differing population sizes in various countries
Q3) Persons smuggled into the U.S. are considered to be victims.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____________terrorists are motivated by fascist ideals and the dissolution of democratic governments.
Q5) The __________ Act was designed to fight terrorism but also contained provisions that applied to other forms of criminal activity as well.
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