Crime and Justice in America
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Crime and Justice in America offers a comprehensive examination of the criminal justice system in the United States, exploring its historical development, key institutions, and contemporary challenges. The course covers the nature and extent of crime, theories of criminal behavior, and the roles of law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Students analyze the impacts of public policy, social inequality, and race on the administration of justice, while critically evaluating the effectiveness and fairness of current practices. Through case studies and current events, the course encourages informed discussions about reform, the balance between public safety and civil liberties, and the ongoing quest for justice in American society.
Recommended Textbook
The American System of Criminal Justice 16th Edition by George F. Cole
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2137 Verified Questions
2137 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Crime and Justice in America
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to a 2011 poll asking Americans about the most important problems facing the country,which of the following was not among the top 11 problems cited?
A)Economic declines
B)Unemployment rates
C)Healthcare and education issues
D)Crime
Answer: D
Q2) The organization _______ was formed because of a mother's heartbreak after the death of her daughter due to a drunk driver.
A)MADD
B)Brady Center
C)SADD
D)BADD
Answer: A
Q3) Crimes that are prohibited by government but are not wrong by nature are called
Answer: mala prohibita
Q4) ____________________ crimes are committed for ideological purposes. Answer: Political
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Chapter 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The Justice for All Act of 2004 created legislative guarantees of victim rights in eight different categories.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Marxism is an example of a social conflict theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) __________ theories hold that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or weakened.
Answer: Control
Q4) Why do socioeconomic conditions play such a large role in both the commission of crimes and the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime?
Answer: Answers will vary,but students should have a basic understanding that economic factors determine where people live,work,and seek recreation.Those individuals with limited incomes have limited ability to get outside of the criminal enterprise.
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Chapter 3: The Criminal Justice System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which layer of the criminal justice system consists of lesser felonies?
A)Layer 1
B)Layer 2
C)Layer 3
D)Layer 4
Answer: C
Q2) Decisions made within the system of criminal justice should not have to reflect important public values.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is not a legal justification for the expansion of the federal government's role in law enforcement?
A)The internationalization of crime
B)The creation of the Department of Homeland Security
C)The terrorist attacks of 9/11
D)Lack of effective local law enforcement
Answer: D
Q4) An arrest means that someone has been taken into ____________________. Answer: custody
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Chapter 4: Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ was used as a defense if someone committed a criminal act as a result of mental illness.
Q2) A major exception to the mens rea principle is
A)strict liability.
B)civil forfeiture.
C)minimal scrutiny.
D)actus reus.
Q3) When people break the law in order to save themselves or prevent a greater harm,they will likely use the defense of _______ in court.
A)self-defense
B)entrapment
C)necessity
D)duress
Q4) The act of a crime (actus reus),its attendant circumstances,and the suspect's state of mind (mens rea)are together called the ______ of a crime.
A)inchoate element
B)concurrence
C)legality
D)elements
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Chapter 5: Police
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the primary functions of the police?
Q2) Which of the following is not an operational unit of police departments?
A)Traffic
B)Patrol
C)Vice
D)Courts
Q3) _________ typically include(s)an officer,commander,sergeant,lieutenant,captain,major and chief.
A)Division of labor
B)Chain and utility of command
C)Rules and regulations
D)None of these are correct.
Q4) You are an FBI agent,who served from 1999 through the present day.A new recruit wants to know what agency life was like before 9/11.You are a diligent agent who wants to make sure the recruit understands how the FBI has changed,what it was like before 9/11,whether you feel the future of the FBI is headed in the right direction,and why.
Q5) The _________ function applies to situations in which the law has been violated and the offender needs to be identified or located and then apprehended.
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Chapter 6: Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which police unit identifies,apprehends,and collects evidence against lawbreakers?
A)Traffic
B)Investigation
C)Juvenile
D)Administrative
Q2) The community-policing philosophy is an approach that stresses police control of the community.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Police officers require only formal training to understand all the aspects of their job.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___________ policing is an approach to policing in which officers routinely seek to identify,analyze,and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police.
Q5) Why do people become police officers? How do they learn to do their jobs? Justify your answer with examples from the text.
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Chapter 7: Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges
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Sample Questions
Q1) Officers who use their power for personal gain and usually receive media attention for their actions when discovered are called
A)meat eaters.
B)grass eaters.
C)weed eaters.
D)night eaters.
Q2) The advancement of new technologies in police work can be found in A)body armor.
B)gunshot detection.
C)airport scanners.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) _____________ is information,collected and analyzed by law enforcement officials,concerning criminal activities and organizations such as gangs,drug traffickers,and organized crime.
Q4) New technology in policing is sometimes not reliable. A)True
B)False
Q5) What are some benefits and drawbacks of the private hiring of police officers?
Q6) Pepper spray and nightsticks are considered types of ____________________ weapons.
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Chapter 8: Police and Constitutional Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following do the Miranda warnings not involve?
A)The right to an attorney
B)The right to remain silent
C)The exclusion of statements made that can be used against a suspect
D)The right to sound legal advice
Q2) The totality of circumstances test is used to determine if sufficient evidence exists for a search warrant.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Fourth Amendment requires that reasonable suspicion be established before a warrant is provided.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The U.S.Supreme Court repeated its endorsement of the Miranda requirements in
A)Kyllo v.United States (2001).
B)Maryland v.Wilson (1997).
C)Dickerson v.United States (2000).
D)Romer v.Evans (1995).
Q5) Explain the Miranda warnings and their significance.Are there situations in which they do not apply?
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Chapter 9: Courts and Pretrial Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Appellate courts try civil and criminal cases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss the impacts of budget cuts on state courts.
Q3) Most criminal cases are heard at the state level.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In 1984,Congress passed the Bail Reform Act,which authorized the use of A)citations.
B)10 percent cash bail.
C)release on recognizance.
D)preventive detention.
Q5) What is one criticism of the bail system in the United States? How might this issue be addressed?
Q6) A court's _________ is the geographic territory or legal boundaries within which control may be exercised,or the range of the court's authority.
Q7) The bail agent is a nonprofit actor within the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Prosecution and Defense
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is discovery?
A)The decision of the prosecutor to drop a case
B)The process of determining probable cause
C)The questioning of a jury in a criminal case
D)The prosecutor sharing information with the defense
Q2) You are a prosecuting attorney in a small town in Wyoming.You have an excellent relationship with the local sheriff; in fact,he is a friend of yours from school.When a cattle rancher is murdered in your district,suspicion falls on the sheriff,who had a long-standing dispute with him over a woman.How will discretion enter into your decision-making process?
Q3) An attorney employed on a full-time basis by the government to represent the poor is called a(n)_______.
Q4) Prosecutors' relationships and interactions with police,victims,defense attorneys,judges,and the community form the core of the _______ relations that shape decision making in criminal cases.
A)exchange
B)casual
C)discretionary
D)decision-making
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Chapter 11: Determination of Guilt: Plea Bargaining and Trials
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Q1) One of the witnesses in a criminal trial became very ill just as the trial was scheduled to begin.How could the prosecutor delay the trial until the witness has recovered?
A)Invent a delaying tactic
B)Ask the judge for a continuance
C)Demand that justice be served
D)Fail to appear at the beginning of the trial
Q2) The research of Eisenstein and Jacob on the impact of courtroom workgroups across major cities revealed that
A)the same type of felony was handled very differently in each city.
B)the same type of felony was handled the same in each city.
C)different types of felonies were handled very differently in each city.
D)different types of felonies were handled the same in each city.
Q3) Plea bargaining is a set of exchange relationships in which the prosecutor,the defense attorney,the defendant,and sometimes the judge,participate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____ evidence is any evidence presented to jurors to see and understand without testimony.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Punishment and Sentencing
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Sample Questions
Q1) What group actively seeks evidence to overturn death penalty convictions?
A)The Innocence Project
B)ACLU
C)Black Lives Matter
D)The DNA Project
Q2) Mandatory sentences are consistent with rehabilitation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Truth in sentencing guidelines are laws that require offenders to serve 85% of their sentences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The goal of restoring a convicted offender to society through educational training is called ______.
Q5) Restorative justice programs in Vermont have increased the percentage of nonviolent offenders in the state's prisons.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ______ is punishment designed to be an example for the public.
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Q7) A(n)_____ sentence is determined by statute and cannot be altered by a judge.
Chapter 13: Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ are noncitizens who are in the United States legally but have been convicted of a crime.
Q2) The central idea of the community corrections approach is __________.
A)the most restrictive alternative
B)the least restrictive alternative
C)the idea that criminal sanction should be applied in such a way that all offenders are punished equally
D)the idea that supermax facilities are the most effective,no matter the offender's crime
Q3) The _______ Amendment has been most consistently limited for prisoners by the Supreme Court.
Q4) Jails are typically populated with poorly educated and low-income people.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Private prisons are a $3 billion industry.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ______ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.
Q7) Under the _____ system,inmates' labor was sold to private employers.
Q8) _____ prisons are managed by nongovernmental bodies.
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Chapter 14: Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is likely to be assigned as a form of community service?
A)Cleaning laundry while incarcerated
B)Working part-time at a fast food restaurant
C)Wearing an electronic monitoring device
D)Cleaning parks and roadsides
Q2) Boot camp programs often provide aftercare to help offenders transition back into the community.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which statement is false regarding home confinement?
A)Home confinement is problematic because crimes can be committed from home.
B)Electronic monitoring in home confinement is more expensive than imprisonment.
C)Home confinement raises right-to-privacy issues because governmental corrections supervision involves the invasion of a private home.
D)Electronic monitoring in home confinement may involve technical problems with the equipment.
Q4) Community corrections still lacks widespread support and is often viewed as being _____ on crime.
Q5) Seizure by the government of property and other assets is called ______.
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Chapter 15: Incarceration and Prison Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prison administrators are primarily wary of the prison economy because
A)inmate transactions hurt business at the prison store.
B)the prices charged for goods might not be fair.
C)prisoners may steal items from the prison and fight in disputes over transactions.
D)some prisoners are not allowed to participate.
Q2) There has been a major increase in the number of African American prisoners during the past 30 years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ___________ means keeping inmates secure.
A)Management
B)Security
C)Environmental custodianship
D)Custody
Q4) Few prisons have well-developed mental health treatment programs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss how the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission has influenced the rights and treatment of inmates.
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Chapter 16: Reentry Into the Community
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pardons are sometimes given to remedy a miscarriage of justice.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Civil disabilities imposed on ex-felons can include loss of the right to vote and the right to hold public office.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The U.S.Supreme Court ruled in _____ that if a parole officer alleges that a technical violation occurred,a two-step revocation proceeding is required.
A)Brown v.Plata (2011)
B)Morrissey v.Brewer (1972)
C)Miranda v.Arizona (1966)
D)Mapp v.Ohio (1961)
Q4) In the past two decades,the percentage of drug offenders in the prison population has decreased.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain a scenario for which a pardon would be justified.What is the difference between a pardon and an expungement?
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Chapter 17: Juvenile Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maria is a 16-year-old Hispanic female from South Carolina.While high on prescription drugs,Maria beat her classmate with a brick,nearly killing her and leaving her with extensive brain damage.She has been charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill.The judge will render a decision tomorrow on whether Maria should be tried as an adult or remain within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court system.Pending the judge's decision,Maria is not released to go home with her parents,but is instead held in a
A)treatment facility.
B)detention facility.
C)substance abuse facility.
D)prison.
Q2) Juveniles who harass or intimidate other juveniles using cell phones,email,and the Internet are engaging in _____.
Q3) Which statement is accurate?
A)Offenses committed by juveniles are mostly violations of state law.
B)Offenses committed by juveniles are mostly violations of federal law.
C)Offenses committed by juveniles violate state and federal laws at roughly the same rate.
D)Offenses committed by juveniles are mostly violations of municipal law.
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