Counseling Theories and Techniques
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of foundational counseling theories and the practical techniques associated with each approach. Students will examine major theoretical perspectives such as psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and systemic models, learning how these frameworks inform the counselor-client relationship and guide interventions. Emphasis is placed on the application of theory to practice, ethical considerations, and the development of core counseling skills, including active listening, empathy, assessment, goal setting, and culturally responsive strategies. Through lectures, case studies, and interactive activities, students gain the knowledge and competencies necessary to engage effectively in the counseling process across diverse settings.
Recommended Textbook
The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals 4th Edition by Patricia C. Broderick
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Chapter 1: Organizing Themes in Developme
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Q1) Mrs.Dubois knows that her son,Andre,is very advanced in understanding math compared to his first grade peers.However,he is rather immature in his social relationships and doesn't share or interact well with classmates.His social skills are not what his mother would expect,given his advanced cognitive development in math.Piaget's term for this variation in skills is
A)hierarchical organization.
B)decalage.
C)preoperational intelligence.
D)accommodation.
Answer: B
Q2) A kitten whose eyes are covered during the first months of its life loses the ability to see clearly in ways that would have been possible without the loss of early visual stimulation.This effect remains despite later attempts to remediate the loss.This is an example of which of the following?
A)Behavior genetics.
B)Critical period.
C)Plasticity.
D)Visual demand.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Epigenesis and the Brain: the Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
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Q1) Children who suffer severe protein and calorie shortages at any age may experience stunted growth,a protuberant belly,and extreme apathy.This severe starvation syndrome is called
A)lowest observable effect.
B)kwashiorkor.
C)Huntington's disease.
D)proximo-distal development.
Answer: B
Q2) In one study,young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety.Their mothers,alerted to this distress,responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus.Which of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate?
A)Dominant-recessive gene relationships.
B)Active gene effects.
C)The role of regulator genes in behavior genetics.
D)Epigenesis.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Cognitive Development in the Early
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Q1) Ms.Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter,who is afraid of the dark.He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV.Ms.Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters,but to no avail.Peter still refuses to go to sleep.What might Piaget propose as the reason for this treatment failure?
A)Ms.Hernandez has not challenged Peter's irrational beliefs in a way that gets his attention.
B)Peter,at 4 years old,still has difficulty understanding that monsters are not real because he sees monsters on TV.
C)Peter can understand what Ms.Hernandez is telling him,but he has difficulty expressing his feelings about it.
D)Peter's parents have not done enough explaining about the true nature of TV monsters so that he can better understand.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years
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Q1) Explain the cultural contributions to the development of attachments.What role does culture play in this process? ,
Q2) Infants form multiple attachments,to both mother and father and perhaps to a sibling,grandparent,and so on.Which of the following statements is most consistent with available data on the impact of these attachments?
A)The primary attachment usually with the mother)is the only one that is predictive of later development.
B)The good effects of a secure attachment with one parent are canceled by the bad effects of an insecure attachment with the other parent.
C)More than one secure attachment adds value,serving as a further protective factor.
D)No data are available.
Q3) Beginning in the first hours after birth,caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention,such as
A)smiling,affectionate touching,and high-pitched vocalizations.
B)keeping a still face to sooth the baby.
C)responding promptly to the baby's cries.
D)Playing peek-a-boo with the baby.
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Chapter 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
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Q1) Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to in generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety?
A)Induction.
B)Power assertion.
C)Withdrawal of love.
D)Neglectfulness.
Q2) Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children.One example is that Puerto Rican mothers wanted their children to recognize their obligations and connectedness to others; their goals for their children were more ____________ than the goals of European American mothers.
A)individualistic
B)sociocentric
C)authoritative
D)contextual
Q3) Discuss the relationship between child temperament and parent disciplinary style.,
Q4) Describe the way social referencing might explain the acquisition of certain fears in children.Page 173)
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Selman describes stages in the development of both perspective taking skill and of friendship.Suppose that David understands that his friend Mike has a different perspective from his own,but David cannot yet judge how his own behavior is likely to be viewed by his friend.Which of Selman's stages is David most likely to be in?
A)Stage 0,"Egocentrism"
B)Stage 1,"Differentiated/Subjective"
C)Stage 2,"Reciprocal/Self-reflective"
D)Stage 3,"Mutual/Third Person"
Q2) Imagine that you are working with a 10-year-old who is having trouble making friends.His parents and teachers indicate that the boy is "generous to a fault," often giving up what he wants in order to please others.Based on Selman's ideas about friendship development,explain whether this child is more or less mature than the boys who bully him,and describe an approach to helping the boy with his friendship skills.,
Q3) Friendship,according to Selman,requires balancing
A)intimacy and autonomy.
B)conflict and harmony.
C)transforming and maintaining.
D)bullying and giving in.
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Chapter 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood
Through Early Adolescence
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Q1) Should character education be taught in school? Identify the pros and cons of this strategy.,
Q2) A counselor is concerned about a clients' self-esteem.Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for this concern?
A)High levels of self-esteem directly reduce the risk of mental health problems
B)Low levels of self-esteem cause people to act incompetently.
C)Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about one's self,which are related to depression.
D)High levels of self-esteem protect against oppositional behavior.
Q3) Individuals with low levels of self-esteem would be more likely than those with high self-esteem to
A)have higher levels of moral reasoning.
B)go along with peers even when they do not agree.
C)force other people to conform to their wishes.
D)lack impulse control.
Q4) Develop a case study that reflects the development of an aggressive disorder.,
Q5) What advice would you give to parents who want to develop prosocial behavior in their children? ,
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle
Childhood Through Early Adolescence
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Q1) Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the
A)social competence process.
B)degrouping effect.
C)social impact process.
D)social dosage effect.
Q2) Counselors working with young children should know that children as young as A)3 years old
B)6 years old
C)9 years old
D)12 years old
Q3) In an assessment of peer relationships,Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with.But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with.Fred is an example of A)a neglected child.
B)a rejected child.
C)a controversial child.
D)an average child.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence
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Q1) Studies show that formal operational thinking is
A)easily grasped by all students by the time they enter high school.
B)easily grasped by average students by the time they enter college.
C)demonstrated by all normal adults.
D)is more common among older adolescents and adults,particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts.
Q2) What are the characteristics of formal operations and how does this kind of thinking differ from concrete operational thinking? ,
Q3) According to Erikson,what are the processes involved in the development of identity?
A)Foreclosure and achievement.
B)Exploration and commitment.
C)Exploration and moratorium.
D)Diffusion and commitment.
Q4) Give three examples of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.,
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Chapter 10: The Social World of Adolescence
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Q1) Participation in after-school activities sponsored by school or community organizations is
A)unrelated to academic achievement.
B)detrimental to academic achievement.
C)positively related to academic achievement.
D)positively related to social competence but detrimental to academic achievement.
Q2) The parents of Abe,age 14,are concerned that he is watching violent movies and playing violent video games with his friends.You can advise them that A)media portrayals of violence are not related to teenage aggressive behavior.
B)exposure to media portrayals of violence are related to teenage aggressive behavior.
C)exposure to media portrayals of violence seem to teach teenagers to favor nonviolence.
D)viewing violent movies is related to aggression,but playing violent video games is not.
Q3) Describe and explain three main reasons that adolescents engage in reckless behavior.Be sure to define your terms.,
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young Adults
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Q1) Based upon research on Perry's theory,helping professionals should provide ____________ for dualists and ____________ for multiplists.
A)challenge / experiential learning
B)absolute truth / support
C)support / challenge
D)support / absolute truth
Q2) Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.What is the primary characteristic that points to a particular stage of cognitive functioning in Elaine's case?
A)She tries to decide on how to make a living for herself.
B)She focuses her concerns on other people in her life for whom she is responsible.
C)She has developed logical thinking abilities.
D)She conserves her own financial resources by borrowing from her mother.
Q3) List three pitfalls counselors need to avoid in their decision-making.Give examples of each.,
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Developments in Young Adulthood
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Q1) Becky was part of an infant attachment study when she was a baby,participating in a strange situation test with her mother.Later,as a young adult,Becky participated in an attachment interview assessing her adult representation of her attachment to her mother.Based on other studies of this kind,which of the following findings is likely?
A)Becky's infant attachment status will be unrelated to her adult attachment category.
B)Becky's infant attachment status is likely to be predictive of her adult attachment category.
C)Attachment theorists predict that the two attachment assessments will be related to each other,but no longitudinal research exists yet.
D)Attachment theorists predict that the two attachment assessments will not be related to each other,but no research exists yet.
Q2) In a dimensional analysis of adult attachment style as opposed to a simple set of A)Intimacy and tolerance.
B)Anxiety and approach-avoidance.
C)Passion and avoidance.
D)Approach-avoidance and intimacy.
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Chapter 13: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, personality, and Social Development
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Q1) Peggy,a 62-year-old woman,has been unable to work for the past year because of a back injury that she sustained at her job as a cafeteria worker.Her adult son,Brian,lives close enough for her to babysit his two young children on a regular basis.Peggy's daughter,Linda,lives in another part of the state and recently had a new baby boy named Luke.Linda has asked her mother to move in with her to help cares for her newborn.Based upon the life span development model,for which of the following individuals is growth the most characteristic mode of adaptation?
A)Peggy.
B)Brian.
C)Linda.
D)Luke.
Q2) Gottman described several core strategies that clinicians can teach couples in marital therapy to foster relational well-being.Describe four of these strategies.Discuss in detail how you would approach teaching one of these strategies to a client couple.Page 518)
Q3) Compare and contrast Erikson's view of midlife with that of Vaillant.,
Q4) Describe the factors that promote stability in adult life and those that promote change.,
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Living Well: Stress, coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following tends to assure that work experiences will be linked to positive well-being?
A)Feeling that one is making competent progress toward challenging goals.
B)Feeling less generative.
C)Workplace characteristics that remove personal control.
D)Having few workplace relationships.
Q2) Laboratory studies have provided evidence for which of the following statements with regard to emotional reactivity?
A)Positive affectivity is related to higher levels of left prefrontal cortical activity.
B)Positive affectivity is related to higher levels of temporal lobe activity.
C)Positive affectivity is related to lower levels of prefrontal cortical activity.
D)Positive affectivity is related to reduction in psychoneuroimmune functions.
Q3) Spirituality and religiosity
A)are the same thing.
B)are concerned with the search for the sacred.
C)both involve an affiliation with a covenant faith community.
D)both create a social identity.
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Chapter 15: Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
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Q1) In end-of-life-care,the "double effect" refers to
A)counseling care provided for both the dying individual and caregivers.
B)injection of a medication by someone other than the dying individual to cause immediate death.
C)medication that is given to relieve pain even when this may also result in death.
D)a patient's written statement indicating his wishes for end-of-life care.
Q2) In Erikson's concept of the final stage of life,achievement of integrity can be construed as "a gift of courage and caring for the generations that follow" because A)death comes to be seen as a natural stage of life,not something to be feared.
B)integrity includes providing for the financial security of the next generation.
C)integrity means making certain that no financial or other burdens are passed on to the next generation.
D)integrity means expressing religious commitment at the end of life.
Chapter 15 Essay Questions
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