Counseling Theories and Techniques
Practice Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of foundational counseling theories and practical techniques used within the helping professions. Students will examine major theoretical approaches including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and systemic perspectives while developing an understanding of their historical evolution and contemporary applications. Emphasis is placed on the ethical and cultural considerations inherent in each approach, as well as the development of core counseling skills such as empathy, active listening, assessment, and intervention planning. Through lecture, discussion, and experiential activities, students will gain the knowledge and tools necessary to begin applying theory to practice in diverse counseling settings.
Recommended Textbook
Career Counseling A Holistic Approach 9th Edition by Vernon G. Zunker
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Chapter 1: Historical Development and Some Basic Issues
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Q1) Parson's outstanding contribution to the career counseling movement was his:
A)Conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career
B)Speech at the first national conference on vocational guidance
C)Method of measuring aptitudes for immigrants
D)Research on career development of children
Answer: A
Q2) Who was considered the leading figure, or "father," of the career counseling movement?
A)Super
B)Parsons
C)Roe
D)Holland
Answer: B
Q3) Lifelong learning refers to the basic assumption that:
A)changes in the workplace do not require ongoing learning.
B)the learning acquired long ago is sufficient.
C)new knowledge will bridge changes in work and life in the 21st century.
D)counselors will not need to offer concrete examples of the interrelationships between education and work in an effort to correct faulty thinking.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Theories of Career Development
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Q1) Prestige of sex type are variables in the theory of:
A)Super
B)Krumboltz
C)Gottfredson
D)Holland
Answer: C
Q2) Krumboltz and associates stress that each individual's unique learning experiences during the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice.Which statement is not listed as part of these primary influences?
A)Career-entry behavior such as applying for a job or selecting an educational or training institution
B)Expanding capabilities and interests
C)Sets of developed skills used in coping with the environment
D)Generalization of self derived from experiences and performance in relation to learned standards
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Career Counseling Models
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Q1) A consensus of procedures in the career counseling models includes:
A)information gathering only.
B)diagnosis and decision making only.
C)assessment only.
D)information gathering, assessment, diagnosis, intervention strategies and decision making.
Answer: D
Q2) Recommendations for the multicultural counseling process include all of the following EXCEPT:
A)the counselor should be aware of a variety of worldviews.
B)the counselor-client relationship should be a collaborative one, that is, a negotiating and working consensus relationship.
C)the role of the family in the decision-making and counseling process should be emphasized.
D)the counselor does not need to fully understand his or her racial identity.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Integrating Career and Personal Counseling
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Q1) Define the holistic approach and its rationale.
Q2) Briefly discuss the rationale for selecting the biopsychosocial model to observe behavior for an integrative approach to career counseling.
Q3) The major influences that drive behavior are:
A)Biological influences
B)Biological and psychological influences
C)Biological, psychological, and social/cultural influences
D)Psychological and social/cultural influences
Q4) What is the name of the domain that focuses on cognitions and cognitive schemas that influence behavioral reactions?
A)Cognitive-behavioral
B)Behavioral
C)Psychological
D)Cognitive
Q5) Describe the biopsychosocial model.
Q6) What is the integrated approach to psychotherapy?
Q7) Briefly discuss how the four domains-career, affective, cognitive-behavioral, and culture-are to be used in a counseling approach that integrates career and personal concerns.
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Chapter 5: Career Counseling Intake Interview
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Q1) Which of the following is an appropriate reason for self-disclosure?
A)As a means of confrontation
B)To focus the direction of the conversation
C)To increase the counselor's level of self-disclosure
D)To increase the client's level of self-disclosure
Q2) What is the core dimension of interviewing, especially with multicultural groups?
A)Effective communication between clients and counselors
B)Contextual experiences
C)Feasibility of goals
D)Family information
Q3) Life roles of multicultural groups:
A)Resemble middle class America
B)Are more individually oriented than European and American societies
C)Are determined by unique cultural socialization
D)Are driven by common customs and beliefs
Q4) A counselor when interviewing a client detected symptoms of depression.Describe the process of determining the level of depression and possible dysfunctional thinking.Indicate why these procedures are important.
Q5) Explain the whole person approach.
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Chapter 6: Using Standardized Tests and Self-Assessment in Career Counseling
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Q1) The Career Beliefs, The Career Thoughts, and My Vocational Situation inventories are considered measures of:
A)Factors associated with a client's lifestyle
B)Factors that are associated with undecided and indecisive clients
C)A client's level of occupational and self knowledge
D)A client's educational and abilities level
Q2) Career maturity inventories are primary measures of:
A)Work values
B)Career development
C)Aptitudes
D)Career beliefs
Q3) The inventory consisting of three scales - Lack of Vocational Identity, Lack of Information or Training, and Emotional or Personal Barriers - is entitled:
A)Career Thoughts Inventory.
B)My Vocational Situation.
C)The Vocational Inventory.
D)Career Beliefs Inventory.
Q4) Identify factors that affect the stability of tests.
Q5) Compare and contrast the purpose of content and criterion validity.
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Chapter 7: The Impact of New Technology on Work, Career Development, and Learning Platforms
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Q1) Research suggests that users of computer-assisted career guidance systems:
A)Find them to be more effective than traditional sources of information
B)Are still somewhat inhibited regarding using systems and fear the use of technology
C)Are not satisfied with computers as a guidance tool
D)Respond favorably to the career options generated by the system
Q2) What is ITS an abbreviation for?
A)Intelligent Tutoring Systems
B)Intelligent Training Systems
C)Information Training Systems
D)Information Tutoring Systems
Q3) Briefly discuss the advantages of organizing career information and establishing a career resource center.
Q4) Briefly discuss the cautions counselors should be aware of when using online systems as a counseling tool.
Q5) Briefly discuss the advantages of using CACG and online systems
Q6) Discuss the implications of using computers in career counseling.
Q7) Briefly describe methods of training workers in organizations
Q9) Name three on-site training methods and discuss the role of each one. Page 9
Q8) Discuss the career development variables for determining career progression.
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Chapter 8: On Being an Ethical Career Counselor
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Q1) Principles that matter within the boundaries of ethical competence include:
A)integrity and professional and social responsibility.
B)respect for individuals' rights and dignity.
C)both A and B.
D)none of the above.
Q2) The client has a psychological disorder that the counselor is not familiar with.What should be the ethical position?
A)Do the best you can to help this client overcome reported problems
B)Spend time studying the nature of the client's problem and solutions to it
C)Send this client to another counseling agency that might be able to help
D)Refer the client to a counselor who has training to deal with the client's problem
Q3) What is the meaning of "informed consent"?
A)When a client agrees to engage in counseling without coercion
B)Discussion regarding the supervision of the counselor's work with clients
C)Disclosure by the counselor of important information the client needs in making the decision as to whether she or he is to start counseling
D)When a psychologist answers patients' questions
Q4) What is the difference between informed and free consent?
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Chapter 9: Career Counseling for Multicultural Groups
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Q1) Discuss the stereotype Asian Americans are considered excellent in and what they Asian's are lacking.
Q2) What common background variable is given for Hispanic American women, even though they have migrated from many different countries?
A)Religion preference
B)Health
C)Skills
D)Education
Q3) Who suggests the use of several terms for identifying native groups such as Native American, Native Indigenous, and First Nations People?
A)Ryan and Ryan
B)Weaver
C)Johnson, Swartz and Martin
D)LaFromboise, Trimble and Mohatt
Q4) Briefly discuss differences between individualistic and collectivistic orientations.
Q5) In your own words, what is culture?
Q6) Give an explanation why government agencies group individuals by culture.
Q7) Describe effective communication skills for cultural counselors.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Gender Issues and Dual Careers
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Q1) A major goal is to provide a workplace where women and men can effectively work together.One outstanding factor that has long been a barrier to a fair and balanced work climate is:
A)A severe recession
B)The global job market
C)Gender stereotyping
D)Poor management
Q2) Attention given to sexual harassment was dramatically increased in the 1990s by which event or events?
A)The 1991 Senate hearings involving Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas and his accuser, Anita Hill
B)There was a decline in attention given to sexual harassment in the 1990s
C)The U.S.Navy Tailhook scandal involving the mistreatment of women by U.S.Navy personnel
D)Both A and C
Q3) Briefly discuss how fear of femininity affects men's career development.
Q4) How does fear of femininity impact men's career development?
Q5) Identify and briefly discuss some of the issues facing dual career families.
Q6) What issues might be discussed with a dual career or dual earner couple?
Q7) Describe how women's developmental patterns differ from men's.
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Chapter 11: Career Counseling for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients
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Q1) What does internalized homophobia refer to?
A)Early stages of awareness of sexual orientation
B)Irrational internalization of sexual identity
C)Vulnerability to internal conflicts
D)How sexual minorities can be affected by societal beliefs that are often expressed by salient messages in one's environments, especially during early development
Q2) What occurs during the third stage of HIF?
A)Identity confusion
B)Identity synthesis
C)Identity tolerance
D)Identity pride
Q3) Regarding the unique issues and special needs of LGBT individuals, counselors need to focus on:
A)collective interpretations and reactions to contextual issues and life events.
B)the narrative aspect of life events.
C)individual interpretations and reactions to contextual issues and life events.
D)none of the above.
Q4) Define double minority status and triple minority status and how they differ/relate to differing cultures.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Career Counseling for Individuals With Disabilities
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Q1) Onset of disability in adulthood may require the counselor to:
A)Reintroduce the process of career development
B)Administer a battery of tests
C)Inform the client of local jobs available
D)Evaluate occupational knowledge
Q2) One way to address the issue of the high dropout rate among students with disabilities is via:
A)writing about the issue.
B)advocacy.
C)legitimate examples of role models who have overcome their disability and are now considered successful, giving hope and encouragement.
D)increased learning.
Q3) What is the purpose of state rehabilitation agencies and how are the criteria determined?
Q4) In 1990, the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act was updated to:
A)Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
B)Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDA).
C)Education for All Disabilities Act (EADA).
D)Education Act for People with Disabilities (EAPD).
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Job Loss and Transitions
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Q1) Briefly describe the coping skills that clients may find helpful in addressing career transitions.
Q2) What are the four domains a counselor may consider to conceptualize a client's concerns?
A)Career, affective, interpretive, culture
B)Career, information, cognitive-behavioral, culture
C)Career, affective, cognitive-behavioral, culture
D)Career, effective, cognitive-behavioral, culture
Q3) Each client should be encouraged to adopt a __________ commitment.
A)on-site off-site
B)reasonable commuting
C)job rotation
D)lifelong learning
Q4) To help clients deal with the effects of stress resulting from job loss, counselors should begin with:
A)Family counseling
B)Career resources
C)Helping clients build coping strategies
D)Computer-generated information
Q5) List and discuss at least four causes of unemployment in the current job market.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Career Development and Transitions of Working Adults
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Q1) Career anchors are developed during:
A)Late career
B)Early career
C)College
D)Middle career
Q2) What type of payment concept do many workplaces endorse at the present time?
A)Adaptable pay
B)Pay-for-credit
C)Pay-for-flexibility
D)Pay-for-performance
Q3) The self-directed worker's key resource is predicted to be:
A)Attitude
B)Personality
C)Knowledge
D)Experience
Q4) Bridge employment refers to:
A)Early career obstacles
B)Beginning of late career
C)Part-time employment
D)Mid career circumstances
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Chapter 15: Career-Related Programs for Career
Development in Elementary Schools
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Q1) Information processing skills can be identified with the principles of:
A)Super's developmental stages
B)Working memory
C)Piaget's propositions
D)Personality types
Q2) At which stage of a child's development do developmental disorders usually appear?
A)Late
B)Early and late
C)Early
D)Midway
Q3) Which of the following individuals is known for cognitive development of children?
A)Holland
B)Piaget
C)Ginzberg
D)Super
Q4) Discuss the importance of play in elementary age children.
Q5) Discuss the benefits of career development programs in elementary school.
Q6) Define infusion and give some specific examples.
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Chapter 16: Career- Related Programs for Career
Development in Middle School
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Q1) Mounts and Steinberg suggest what type of parenting style influences teenagers to be less susceptible to peer pressure?
A)Less authoritative
B)Aggressive
C)Authoritative
D)Passive
Q2) Middle school career development programs are to primarily focus on:
A)Career awareness
B)Potential local career opportunities
C)Career opportunities
D)National trends in employment
Q3) Discuss the significance of identity development in middle school.
Q4) Leading a class discussion by identifying relationships of interest and abilities to various occupations is an example of what type of strategy?
A)Career infusion model
B)Career-planning strategy
C)Educational and occupational exploration strategy
D)Self-knowledge strategy
Q5) Describe the characteristics of a comprehensive school guidance program.
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Chapter 17: Career-Related Programs for Career Development in High School and Beyond
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Q1) Briefly explain some career-related programs in high school.
Q2) Through what means are counselors provided with goals and competencies from which they can develop group and individual counseling strategies for high school students?
A)National standards for school counselors developed by the ASCA (2003)
B)Standards set by the counselors themselves
C)Standards set by the individual schools
D)National standards compiled by students
Q3) The National Career Development Association (NCDA) standards are competency-based.Students are to acquire knowledge and demonstrate a level of awareness, and they should be able to demonstrate how the information learned can be used for:
A)Selecting career information
B)Improving their grades
C)The initial career choice
D)Dealing with future challenges
Q4) Briefly explain some career-related programs in universities.
Q5) Briefly discuss the importance of the high school student's efficacy level of processing information.
Q6) Compare goals and related activities of intern and extern programs. Page 20
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